PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous Subepochs	European Faunal Units	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Silurian Ages of Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean							0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian							0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian							0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan							1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Villanyian	Tertiary †				2.58
		Piacenzian			Ruscinian					3.1 *
		Zanclean								3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Turolian					5.333
		Tortonian			Turolian					7.246
					Vallesian					8.7
			Clarendonian		Vallesian					9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian		Astaracian					11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian			Orleanian					15.98
			Hemingfordian							16.3
			Arikareean							18.5
					Agenian					20
		Aquitanian			Agenian					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
		Rupelian								27.82
			Whitneyan							29.5
			Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean							37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian							47.8
			Wasatchian							50.5
			Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian							56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian							56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian	Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian						66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic						100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian		Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
		Induan					251.2
		Induan					Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Kathwai	251.902
								252.4 *
							Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Chhidru	Longtanian †	254.14
							Kalabagh		255 *
							Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
									265.3 *
							Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian					Amb		266.9
		Roadian							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian		427.4
		Homerian	Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10			Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian			Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian			Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian			Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †	St Davids				497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Caerfai	509
	Series 2	Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
										538.8