PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Permian of the Salt Range	Permian of China	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean						Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean									0.129
			Irvingtonian									0.21
										Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian										0.774
			Blancan									1.4
										Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian								Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian								Waipipian		3
		Zanclean								Waipipian		3.6
										Opoitian		3.7
			Hemphillian							Opoitian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian										7.246
			Clarendonian									9.4
									Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian										11.63
			Barstovian									12.5
										Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian								Lillburnian		13.82
										Clifdenian		15.1
									Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian										15.98
			Hemingfordian									16.3
			Arikareean									18.5
										Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian								Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Waitakian		23.03
										Duntroonian		25.2
										Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian										27.82
			Whitneyan									29.5
			Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian									33.9
									Arnold	Runangan		34.6
										Kaiatan		36.7
			Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian										37.71
										Bortonian		39.1
			Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian										41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
										Heretaungan		45.7
			Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian										47.8
										Mangaorapan		48.9
			Wasatchian							Mangaorapan		50.5
			Wasatchian							Waipawan		52
			Clarkforkian							Waipawan		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian							Teurian		56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian									56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian									59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian									60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian									61.6
		Danian	Puercan									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian	Lancian/Edmontonian	Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan		Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
							Mangaotanean	90.5
							Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan	93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
							Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic			Motuan	100.5
							Urutawan	103.3
						Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian					Korangan	113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian		Neocomian				125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
		Induan						251.2
		Induan						Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Kathwai	Meishanian	251.902
										252.4 *
								Chhidru		252.9 *
									Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian							Laoshanian	254.14
								Kalabagh		255 *
								Wargal		256 *
									Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian							Kuhfengian	264.28
										265.3 *
								Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian						Amb		266.9
		Roadian								270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian							Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian							Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian							Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian							Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Zisongian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian									300.1
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian								Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian								Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian							330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian							Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien							Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								Emsian	393.3
		Pragian								Siegen	407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien							Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine							Gedinnine	410.8
												419.2