PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permian Subages of Germany	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of China		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean											0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	Late Pleistocene										0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean	Middle Pleistocene										0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian	Middle Pleistocene			Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian	Early Pleistocene			Cudahyan/Sappan							0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan				Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene										2.58
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene										3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian	Early Pliocene			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian	Middle Miocene			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene										15.98
			Hemingfordian				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
			Arikareean				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene								Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
								Monroecreekian						23.1 *
								Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene				Geringian				Kekeamuan		27.82
			Whitneyan											29.5
			Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian	Late Eocene			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean	Late Eocene								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean	Middle Eocene								Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan				Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan				Late Uintan/Early Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian	Early Eocene			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Bumbanian	47.8
			Wasatchian				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
			Clarkforkian						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			Gashatan		56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian	Late Paleocene					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Gashatan		56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian	Middle Paleocene					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene					To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian	Early Paleocene					To3/To2/To1					61.6
		Danian	Puercan	Early Paleocene					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian			Leine	264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †				298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †				303.7
		Kasimovian								305.9
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian		358.9
								Middle Famennian		365.3 *
								Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian						Late Frasnian		372.2
								Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
								Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian		382.7
								Middle Givetian		383.7 *
								Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian						Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian					Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian					Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean			Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10		Niuchehean					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian		Paibian						494
		Paibian		Paibian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian			Wangcunian †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian		Guzhangian						Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian				Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian				Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian				Delamaran	Branchian	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Duyunian				Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3		Nangaoian				Dyeran			514
								Montezuman			514.8 *
								Montezuman	Placentian		517.1
								Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian							521
		Fortunian		Meishucunian							529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian	530.7
														538.8