PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of China	European Faunal Zones	Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean							Late Pleistocene		0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean							Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian							Middle Pleistocene		0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian							Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian						MN 17				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						MN 16		Late Pliocene	Yushean	2.58
		Piacenzian						MN 15		Late Pliocene		3.2
		Zanclean						MN 15		Early Pliocene		3.6
								MN 14				4.2
			Hemphillian					MN 14				4.7
								MN 13			Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian						MN 13		Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian						MN 12				7.246
								MN 11				7.75
								MN 10				8.7
			Clarendonian					MN 10				9.4
								MN 9				9.7
								MN 7 + 8			Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian								Middle Miocene		11.63
			Barstovian									12.5
								MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian						MN 5			Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian						MN 4		Early Miocene		15.98
			Hemingfordian					MN 4				16.3
			Hemingfordian					MN 3			Xiejiaan	16.9
			Arikareean					MN 3				18.5
								MN 2				20
		Aquitanian						MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian						MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian			Kekeamuan					Early Oligocene		27.82
			Whitneyan									29.5
			Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Late Eocene		33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Late Eocene		37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					Middle Eocene		37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian			Bumbanian				Early Eocene		47.8
			Wasatchian									50.5
			Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian		Gashatan					Late Paleocene		56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian		Gashatan					Late Paleocene		56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian							Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian							Middle Paleocene		60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian							Early Paleocene		61.6
		Danian	Puercan							Early Paleocene		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian			Buntsandstein		251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian					253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian					254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian					257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan			Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian			Leine		264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian					273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian					283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian					285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian					290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian					298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10			Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian			Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian			Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian				Arcadian		498.4
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan					504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran		Branchian	Waucoban †		509
		Stage 4	Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran					514
			Montezuman					514.8 *
			Montezuman		Placentian			517.1
			Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
												538.8