PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian Epochs	Central Paratethys Stages	Permian of China	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean								0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian								0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian								0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan								1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian						Pannonian			7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian					Pannonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian					Sarmatian			11.63
			Barstovian					Sarmatian			12.5
								Badenian			12.8 *
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
			Hemingfordian								16.3
			Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
		Rupelian									27.82
			Whitneyan								29.5
			Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian								47.8
			Wasatchian								50.5
			Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian								56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian								56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian								59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian								61.6
		Danian	Puercan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian	Melekhovian		251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian			Zechstein		254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian			Zechstein		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan			Rotliegendes		259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian					264.28
		Wordian			Noginskian				264.9 *
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian					273.01
		Kungurian			Pavlovoposadian				276.8 *
		Artinskian					Autunian	283.5
				Longlinian				285.4 *
					Rusavkinian			287.6 *
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian				298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian			303.7
					Khamovnikian			304.8
					Krevyakinian			305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian			307
					Podolskian			308.9 *
					Kashirian			311.4 *
					Vereian			313.8
					Melekessian			314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian			315.2
					Cheremshanian			316.9 *
					Prikamian			318.6 *
					Severokeltmian			319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian			321.2 *
					Voznesenian			321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian			323.2
					Protvian			324.4 *
					Steshevian			326.8 *
			Tarusian		329 *
		Visean	Venevian		330.9
			Mikhailovian		331.9 *
			Aleksinian		333.7 *
			Tulian		335.8 *
			Bobrikian		339.9 *
			Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian		346.7
			Kizelian		350.7 *
			Cherepetian		351.9 *
			Karakubian		354.4 *
			Upinian		356.3 *
			Malevkian		357.6 *
			Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Late Cambrian		485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian	Albertian †		Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan					504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Waucoban †	Delamaran	Early Cambrian	Branchian	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran			514
					Montezuman			514.8 *
					Montezuman		Placentian	517.1
					Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
											538.8