PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of North America		Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of France	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean			Cenozoic 6					0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean							Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean							Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian							Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian							Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan								1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian							Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian			Cenozoic 5				Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene	15.98
			Hemingfordian								16.3
			Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4				Late Oligocene	23.03
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene	27.82
			Whitneyan								29.5
			Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian			Cenozoic 3				Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean							Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean							Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan			Cenozoic 2					41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian							Early Eocene	47.8
			Wasatchian								50.5
			Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian			Cenozoic 1				Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian							Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian							Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian							Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian							Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian	Puercan							Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian				Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian				Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Cretaceous 4	Late Albian				100.5
							Middle Albian				106.2 *
							Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian				113
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian				Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian				139.8
							Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
							Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian				Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian		Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian	168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian	174.7
						Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
						Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian				Sevatian	208.5
						Alaunian	213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian		Triassic 3		Tuvalian	227
		Carnian		Triassic 3		Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Triassic 2		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian				Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Triassic 1		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian	251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian		Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	315.2
			Huashibanian				318.5 *
			Lousuan				321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Dewunian			323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Shangsian			330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Shangsian			330.9
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Jiusian			335 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Tangbagouan			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	Couvinien				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Pragian		Coblencien				408.2 *
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Cambrian 5			485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian		Albertian †			Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian	Marjumian					Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan					Cambrian 3	504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran		Waucoban †				509
		Stage 4	Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran					Cambrian 2	514
			Montezuman						514.8 *
			Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						Cambrian 1	529
											538.8