PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Devonian Subages	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean								0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean								0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean								0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean								0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian								0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian								0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan								1.4
				Gelasian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
				Zanclean									3.6
				Zanclean	Hemphillian								4.7
			Miocene	Messinian									5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
				Tortonian	Clarendonian								9.4
				Serravallian	Clarendonian								11.63
				Serravallian	Barstovian								12.5
				Langhian									13.82
				Burdigalian									15.98
					Hemingfordian								16.3
					Arikareean								18.5
				Aquitanian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
				Rupelian									27.82
					Whitneyan								29.5
					Orellan								31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian								33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean								37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean								37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan								39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan								41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian								46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian								47.8
					Wasatchian								50.5
					Clarkforkian								54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian								56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian								56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian								59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian								60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian								61.6
				Danian	Puercan								63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
				Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
				Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
				Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
				Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
				Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian			100.5
										Middle Albian			106.2 *
										Early Albian			109.9 *
				Aptian						Late Aptian			113
				Aptian						Early Aptian			119.5 *
				Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
				Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
				Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
				Berriasian						Late Berriasian			139.8
										Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
										Early Berriasian			142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
				Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
				Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian	Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian			227
			Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
			Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian			251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
			Wordian				264.28
			Roadian				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
			Artinskian				283.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				293.52
			Asselian				Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
							Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian		303.7				Stephanian A
			Kasimovian		Cantabrian				305 *
			Moscovian		Cantabrian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
					Westphalian		Westphalian D		307.4 *
							Westphalian C		309.8
							Westphalian B		314.6
			Bashkirian				Westphalian B	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
							Westphalian A		317 *
					Namurian		Yeadonian		318.8 *
							Marsdenian		320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
							Alportian		322 *
							Chokierian		323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian	Late Mississippian	323.2
							Arnsbergian		324 *
							Pendleian		327.4 *
			Visean		Warnantian		Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
					Livian		Asbian †		336.3 *
					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Tournaisian		Ivorian			Early Mississippian	346.7
			Tournaisian		Hastarian			Early Mississippian	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian					358.9
					Middle Famennian					365.3 *
					Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian		Late Frasnian	372.2
					Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
					Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian	382.7
					Middle Givetian	383.7 *
					Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian		Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian		Early Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian		Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian		Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian	410.8
					Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
Dapingian		Middle Ordovician	467.3
Early Ordovician		Floian	470
Early Ordovician		Tremadocian	Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10				Sunwaptan				487.5
		Jiangshanian								489.5
			Aksaian							490.7 *
			Sakian							492.2 *
						Steptoean				493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian	Marjumian		Albertian †				497
		Guzhangian								499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian							500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian							503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian	Topazan						504.5
				Topazan						505.3
				Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Waucoban †				509
			Toyonian							510 *
			Toyonian	Dyeran						511 *
			Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3								514
				Montezuman						514.8 *
			Atdabanian	Montezuman						515.6 *
			Atdabanian	Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian							521
		Stage 2								525.5
		Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										1000
		Ectasian										1200
		Calymmian					1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian					1600
		Orosirian					1800
		Rhyacian					2050
		Siderian					2300
Archean	Neoarchean						2500
	Mesoarchean						2800
	Paleoarchean						3200
	Eoarchean						3600
Hadean							4000
													4600