PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian of North America		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Central Paratethys Stages	Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean															0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean															0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean															0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean															0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian															0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian															0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan															1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian															4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian												Pannonian				7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian											Pannonian				9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian											Sarmatian				11.63
			Barstovian											Sarmatian				12.5
														Badenian				12.8 *
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
			Hemingfordian															16.3
			Arikareean															18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
		Rupelian																27.82
			Whitneyan															29.5
			Orellan															31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian															33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean															37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean															37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan															39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan															41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian															46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian															47.8
			Wasatchian															50.5
			Clarkforkian															54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian															56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian															56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian															59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian															60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian															61.6
		Danian	Puercan															63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Senonian	66
		Campanian													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													Late Albian		Gallic	100.5
															Middle Albian			106.2 *
															Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian													Late Aptian			113
		Aptian													Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian													Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian													Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian													Late Berriasian			139.8
															Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
															Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian													Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian													Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian	152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras		Late Bajocian	168.2
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Late Bajocian	168.4
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		Late Toarcian	174.7
				Planulata			179.3 *
							Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
						Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Kanense				181.3 *
				Carlottense				182.3 *
				Carlottense		Early Toarcian		182.9 *
				Kunae		Early Toarcian		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
				Freboldi				185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian					Sevatian		208.5
							Alaunian		213.2 *
							Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian		227
		Carnian					Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian		237
		Ladinian					Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian		242
							Pelsonian		243.8 *
							Bithynian		244.7 *
							Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian		251.2
							Griesbachian		251.4 *
							Griesbachian		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Kathwai	251.902
									252.4 *
			Chhidru						252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru						254.14
			Kalabagh						255 *
			Wargal						256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian							Wordian	264.28
										265.3 *
			Amb							266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb						Roadian	266.9
		Roadian							Roadian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian								Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian								Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian							Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian								Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian								Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
		Visean									330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian						443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian						Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian			Berounian							449.7 *
		Sandbian										453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
				Dobrotivian	458.5 *
				Oretanian	459.7 *
					Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ungurian	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
				Aksaian										490.7 *
				Sakian										492.2 *
													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian								Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian												499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian										500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian			503
		Wuliuan		Tuesaian			Topazan					504.5
							Topazan					505.3
							Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Waucoban †	509
				Toyonian									510 *
				Toyonian			Dyeran						511 *
				Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3											514
							Montezuman						514.8 *
				Atdabanian			Montezuman						515.6 *
			Begadean	Atdabanian			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian			521
		Stage 2					525.5
		Fortunian					529
																		538.8