PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Mesozoic Subages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cretaceous Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Tarantian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean						Tarantian			0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean						Ionian			0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian						Ionian			0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian									0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian									9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian									11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
			Hemingfordian									16.3
			Arikareean									18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
			Whitneyan									29.5
			Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian									33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian									47.8
			Wasatchian									50.5
			Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian									56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian									56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian									59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian									60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian									61.6
		Danian	Puercan									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					Senonian		66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian					Gallic		100.5
					Middle Albian							106.2 *
					Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian							113
		Aptian			Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian							139.8
					Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
					Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian		227
		Carnian		Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian		Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
							Stephanian		Stephanian C		300.3 *
									Stephanian B		300.9 *
									Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian	303.7						Stephanian A
			Cantabrian						305 *
									305.9
		Moscovian							307
			Westphalian				Westphalian D		307.4 *
							Westphalian C		309.8
							Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B		315.2
							Westphalian A		317 *
			Namurian				Yeadonian		318.8 *
							Marsdenian		320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
							Alportian		322 *
							Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian		323.2
							Arnsbergian		324 *
							Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian				Brigantian †		330.9
			Livian				Asbian †		336.3 *
			Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian						346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian						353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare				419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma				421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare				423
		Ludfordian			Paadla				423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula				427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani				433.4
		Telychian			Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ungurian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian					485.4
		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian					489.5
				Aksaian					490.7 *
				Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian		Sakian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian		497
		Guzhangian				499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan		Tuesaian		504.5
		Wuliuan				505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4				509
				Toyonian		510 *
				Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian		514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian		521
												525.5