PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126764 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Siberia				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean								0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean								0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean								0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean								0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian								0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian								0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan								1.4
				Gelasian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
				Zanclean									3.6
				Zanclean	Hemphillian								4.7
			Miocene	Messinian									5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
				Tortonian	Clarendonian								9.4
				Serravallian	Clarendonian								11.63
				Serravallian	Barstovian								12.5
				Langhian									13.82
				Burdigalian									15.98
					Hemingfordian								16.3
					Arikareean								18.5
				Aquitanian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
				Rupelian						Kekeamuan			27.82
					Whitneyan								29.5
					Orellan								31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan								39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan								41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian								46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian						Bumbanian		47.8
					Wasatchian								50.5
					Clarkforkian								54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian					Gashatan			56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian					Gashatan			56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian								59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian								60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian								61.6
				Danian	Puercan								63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
				Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
				Pliensbachian									184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
			Kasimovian	303.7
			Moscovian	307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
		Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian	Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
			Sandbian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo	458.4
			Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian			470
			Tremadocian	Xinchangian			477.7
						Lianghekou †	477.9 *
						Lianghekou †	Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Late Cambrian		485.4
			Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian					489.5
				Aksaian					490.7 *
				Sakian					492.2 *
			Paibian						494
			Paibian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian			Middle Cambrian		497
			Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian					499.5
			Drumian	Mayan/Menevian					500.5
			Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan			Early Cambrian		509
				Toyonian	Lenian †				510 *
				Botomian					512.5 *
			Stage 3	Botomian					514
			Stage 3	Atdabanian					515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian					521
			Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
			Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
													635