International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

  • K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
  • A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
  • W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
  • D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
  • J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
  • M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
  • J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic TimescaleNorth American Land Mammal AgesCambrian of SiberiaPermian of North AmericaCretaceous-Cenozoic of New ZealandPermian-Jurassic of New ZealandCenozoic SubepochsOrdovician of North AmericaCretaceous North American Land-Mammal AgesDevonian of Eastern North America
QuaternaryHoloceneMeghalayanSaintaugustineanWanganuiHaweran0
Santarosean0.0004
Northgrippian0.0042
Greenlandian0.0082
PleistoceneLate PleistoceneLate Pleistocene0.0117
Rancholabrean0.014
ChibanianMiddle Pleistocene0.129
Irvingtonian0.21
Castlecliffian0.34
CalabrianEarly Pleistocene0.774
Blancan1.4
Nukumaruan1.63
Gelasian1.8
Mangapanian2.4
NeogenePliocenePiacenzianLate Pliocene2.58
Waipipian3
ZancleanEarly Pliocene3.6
Opoitian3.7
Hemphillian4.7
MioceneMessinianTaranakiKapiteanLate Miocene5.333
Tongaporutuan7.2
Tortonian7.246
Clarendonian9.4
SouthlandWaiauan11.04
SerravallianMiddle Miocene11.63
Barstovian12.5
Lillburnian13.05
Langhian13.82
Clifdenian15.1
PareoraAltonian15.9
BurdigalianEarly Miocene15.98
Hemingfordian16.3
Arikareean18.5
Otaian18.7
Aquitanian20.44
LandonWaitakian21.7
PaleogeneOligoceneChattianLate Oligocene23.03
Duntroonian25.2
Whaingaroan27.3
RupelianEarly Oligocene27.82
Whitneyan29.5
Orellan31.8
EocenePriabonianChadronianLate Eocene33.9
ArnoldRunangan34.6
Kaiatan36.7
Duchesnean37
BartonianMiddle Eocene37.71
Bortonian39.1
Uintan39.7
Lutetian41.2
DannevirkePorangan42.6
Heretaungan45.7
Bridgerian46.2
YpresianEarly Eocene47.8
Mangaorapan48.9
Wasatchian50.5
Waipawan52
Clarkforkian54.9
PaleoceneThanetianTeurianLate Paleocene56
Tiffanian56.2
SelandianMiddle Paleocene59.2
Torrejonian60.9
DanianEarly Paleocene61.6
Puercan63.8
CretaceousLate CretaceousMaastrichtianMataHaumurianLancian/Edmontonian66
CampanianJudithian/Aquilan72.1
SantonianPiripauan83.6
RaukumaraTeratan86.1
Coniacian86.3
Turonian89.8
Mangaotanean90.5
Arowhanan93.7
Cenomanian93.9
ClarenceNgaterian95.2
Motuan99.5
Early CretaceousAlbian100.5
Urutawan103.3
TaitaiKorangan108.4
Aptian113
117.5
Barremian121.4
Hauterivian125.77
Valanginian132.6
Berriasian139.8
JurassicLate JurassicTithonianOtekePuaroan145
Kimmeridgian149.2
KawhiaOhauan150
Heterian154.5
Oxfordian154.8
Middle JurassicCallovian161.5
Temaikan164.3
Bathonian165.3
Bajocian168.2
Aalenian170.9
Early JurassicToarcian174.7
HerangiUruroan176
Pliensbachian184.2
Aratauran188.9
Sinemurian192.9
Hettangian199.5
TriassicLate TriassicRhaetianBalfourOtapirian201.4
NorianWarepan208.5
Otamitan217
Oretian221
Carnian227
GoreKaihikuan227.5
Middle TriassicLadinian237
Etalian238
Anisian242
Malakovian246
Early TriassicOlenekian247.2
Nelsonian249
Induan251.2
DUrvilleMakarewan251.5
PermianLopingianChanghsingian251.902
Waiitian253.2
Wuchiapingian254.14
Puruhauan254.2
GuadalupianCapitanianCapitanianAparimaFlettian259.51
WordianWordian264.28
Barettian266
RoadianRoadian266.9
CisuralianKungurianLeonardianCathedralian273.01
Mangapirian276
Hessian281.9 *
Artinskian283.5
Telfordian285
WolfcampianLenoxian286.1 *
288.5
Sakmarian290.1
AsselianNealian293.52
CarboniferousPennsylvanianGzhelian298.9
Kasimovian303.7
Moscovian307
Bashkirian315.2
MississippianSerpukhovian323.2
Visean330.9
Tournaisian346.7
DevonianLate DevonianFamennianConewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway358.9
FrasnianWest Fallsian/Sonyean372.2
Middle DevonianGivetianGeneseean/Taghanican/TioughnioganCazenovian382.7
EifelianSouthwoodian387.7
Early DevonianEmsianSawkillian/Deer ParkianHelderbergian393.3
Pragian407.6
Lochkovian410.8
SilurianPridoli419.2
LudlowLudfordian423
Gorstian425.6
WenlockHomerian427.4
Sheinwoodian430.5
LlandoveryTelychian433.4
Aeronian438.5
Rhuddanian440.8
OrdovicianLate OrdovicianHirnantianCincinnatianGamachian443.8
Katian445.2
Richmondian446 *
MaysvillianRocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian449.8 *
Edenian450.4 *
MohawkianChatfieldian451.1 *
Sandbian453
Turinian453.7 *
WhiterockianCanadian †Chazyan †/Marmor457 *
Middle OrdovicianDarriwilian458.4
Dapingian467.3
Rangerian469.1 *
Early OrdovicianFloianIbexianBlackhillsianJeffersonian †Cassinian †470
Tulean473.9 *
Tremadocian477.7
Stairsian480.3 *
SkullrockianDemingian †482 *
Mansian †483.55 *
CambrianFurongianStage 10BatyrbaianTavgian †Ketyan †/Yurakian485.4
487.5
Jiangshanian489.5
Aksaian490.7 *
Sakian492.2 *
Paibian494
Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian494.7 *
MiaolingianGuzhangianAyusokkanian497
Mayan/Menevian499.5
Drumian500.5
WuliuanAmgan/Solvan504.5
Series 2Stage 4509
ToyonianLenian †510 *
Botomian512.5 *
Stage 3514
Atdabanian515.6 *
TerreneuvianStage 2Tommotian521
Nemakit-Daldynian525.5
FortunianManykaian †529
538.8