PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America						Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean																	0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean																	0.0004
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean																	0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean																	0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian																	0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian																	0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan																	1.4
		Gelasian																		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †					2.58
		Zanclean																		3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian																	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian																	9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian																	11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian																	12.5
		Langhian																		13.82
		Burdigalian																		15.98
			Hemingfordian																	16.3
			Arikareean																	18.5
		Aquitanian																		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		23.03
		Rupelian																		27.82
			Whitneyan																	29.5
			Orellan																	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian																	33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean																	37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean																	37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan																	39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan																	41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian																	46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian																	47.8
			Wasatchian																	50.5
			Clarkforkian																	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian																	56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian																	56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian																	59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian																	60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian																	61.6
		Danian	Puercan																	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
		Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
		Aptian																		113
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian																		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Oteke	Puaroan									145
		Kimmeridgian								Oteke	Puaroan									149.2
										Kawhia	Ohauan									150
											Heterian									154.5
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Callovian									Temaikan									164.3
		Bathonian																		165.3
		Bajocian																		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian			Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian			Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
		Carnian			Oretian	227
		Carnian		Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian			Etalian	238
		Anisian			Etalian	242
		Anisian			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan			Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian			Flettian		264.28
		Wordian			Barettian		266
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian			Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian			Mangapirian		283.5
					Telfordian		285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan				419.2
	Pridoli		Niagaran				422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Medinan				Clinton		440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian					Gamachian			Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian			Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
								Richmondian			Kralodvorian		446 *
								Richmondian			Berounian		449.7 *
								Maysvillian					Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian						450.4 *
			Mohawkian					Chatfieldian						451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian						453
								Turinian						453.7 *
								Turinian						Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
			Whiterockian										Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
												Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian															458.4
											Dobrotivian						458.5 *
											Oretanian						459.7 *
												Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian										Klabava †					467.3
											Arenigian						468
								Rangerian									469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian					Blackhillsian								Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean										473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean			Tremadocian							477.7
								Stairsian										480.3 *
								Skullrockian									Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian										485.4
		Stage 10																487.5
		Jiangshanian																489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †												497
		Drumian																500.5
		Wuliuan																Stage 5 †	504.5
																				509