PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America						Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of China		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean										Wanganui	Haweran			0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean														0.0004
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene		0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean												Late Pleistocene		0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean												Middle Pleistocene		0.129
					Irvingtonian														0.21
																Castlecliffian			0.34
				Calabrian													Early Pleistocene		0.774
					Blancan														1.4
																Nukumaruan			1.63
				Gelasian												Nukumaruan			1.8
				Gelasian												Mangapanian			2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Mangapanian	Late Pliocene		2.58
				Piacenzian												Waipipian	Late Pliocene		3
				Zanclean												Waipipian	Early Pliocene		3.6
																Opoitian			3.7
					Hemphillian											Opoitian			4.7
			Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean	Late Miocene		5.333
				Messinian												Tongaporutuan			7.2
				Tortonian															7.246
					Clarendonian														9.4
															Southland	Waiauan			11.04
				Serravallian													Middle Miocene		11.63
					Barstovian														12.5
																Lillburnian			13.05
				Langhian												Lillburnian			13.82
																Clifdenian			15.1
															Pareora	Altonian			15.9
				Burdigalian													Early Miocene		15.98
					Hemingfordian														16.3
					Arikareean														18.5
																Otaian			18.7
				Aquitanian												Otaian			20.44
				Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian			21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Waitakian	Late Oligocene		23.03
																Duntroonian			25.2
																Whaingaroan			27.3
				Rupelian													Early Oligocene		27.82
					Whitneyan														29.5
					Orellan														31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian												Late Eocene		33.9
															Arnold	Runangan			34.6
																Kaiatan			36.7
					Duchesnean														37
				Bartonian													Middle Eocene		37.71
																Bortonian			39.1
					Uintan														39.7
				Lutetian															41.2
															Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
																Heretaungan			45.7
					Bridgerian														46.2
				Ypresian													Early Eocene		47.8
																Mangaorapan			48.9
					Wasatchian											Mangaorapan			50.5
					Wasatchian											Waipawan			52
					Clarkforkian											Waipawan			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian											Teurian	Late Paleocene		56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian												Late Paleocene		56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian												Middle Paleocene		59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian												Middle Paleocene		60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian												Early Paleocene		61.6
				Danian	Puercan												Early Paleocene		63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian		66
			Campanian			Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian			Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian					86.3
			Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean		90.5
						Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian			Arowhanan		93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
						Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan		100.5
						Urutawan		103.3
					Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Aptian			Korangan		113
			Aptian					117.5
			Barremian					121.4
			Hauterivian					125.77
			Valanginian					132.6
			Berriasian					139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
			Kimmeridgian					149.2
			Oxfordian					154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian					165.3
			Bajocian					168.2
			Aalenian					170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
			Pliensbachian					184.2
			Sinemurian					192.9
			Hettangian					199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian					208.5
			Carnian					227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Gzhelian						Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian						Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian						Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian		307
			Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
									Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean					Middle Mississippian	Shangsian	330.9
			Visean					Middle Mississippian	Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
		Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian			Gamachian			443.8
			Katian				Gamachian			445.2
							Richmondian			446 *
							Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Edenian	450.4 *
				Mohawkian		Chatfieldian	451.1 *
			Sandbian			Chatfieldian	453
						Turinian	453.7 *
				Whiterockian			Canadian †			Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
			Dapingian		467.3
			Dapingian		Rangerian	469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †				Cassinian †	470
			Floian		Tulean						473.9 *
			Tremadocian		Tulean						477.7
					Stairsian						480.3 *
					Skullrockian					Demingian †	482 *
										Demingian †	Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Stage 10								Niuchehean					487.5
			Jiangshanian								Jiangshanian					489.5
													Aksaian			490.7 *
													Sakian			492.2 *
			Paibian								Paibian					494
															Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
												Waergangian †/Youshuanian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Ayusokkanian			497
Mayan/Menevian			Guzhangian								Guzhangian		499.5
Mayan/Menevian			Drumian								Drumian		500.5
Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian									Amgan/Solvan	504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Duyunian									Amgan/Solvan	509
												Toyonian	Lenian †	510 *
												Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3	Nangaoian									Botomian		514
		Stage 3	Nangaoian									Atdabanian		515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Meishucunian									Tommotian		521
		Stage 2										Nemakit-Daldynian		525.5
		Fortunian											Manykaian †	529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian										Manykaian †	530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran															Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian																635
		Tonian																720
		Tonian															Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian															Karatau	1000
		Stenian															Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian															Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian															Burzyan	1375
																			1400