PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America						Permian of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cretaceous Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean												0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean												0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Tarantian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean								Tarantian				0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean								Ionian				0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian								Ionian				0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian												0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan												1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian												4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian											Pannonian		7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian										Pannonian		9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian										Sarmatian		11.63
			Barstovian										Sarmatian		12.5
													Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
			Hemingfordian												16.3
			Arikareean												18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
			Whitneyan												29.5
			Orellan												31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian												33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean												37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean												37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan												41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian												46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian												47.8
			Wasatchian												50.5
			Clarkforkian												54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian												56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian												56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian												59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian												60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian												61.6
		Danian	Puercan												63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Senonian			66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Gallic			100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian										Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian	Longtanian †	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian		264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian				300.1
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian				Gamachian	443.8
		Katian					Gamachian	445.2
							Richmondian	446 *
							Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian		450.4 *
			Mohawkian				Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian					Chatfieldian		453
							Turinian		453.7 *
			Whiterockian					Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian					Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian				Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian					Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean				477.7
							Stairsian				480.3 *
							Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Skullrockian				485.4
		Stage 10									487.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †							504.5
															509