PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America						Mesozoic Subages			Permian of the Russian Platform		Silurian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean														0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean														0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean														0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean														0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian														0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian														0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan														1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian														4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian														9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian														11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian														12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
			Hemingfordian														16.3
			Arikareean														18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
			Whitneyan														29.5
			Orellan														31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian														33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean														37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean														37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan														39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan														41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian														46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian														47.8
			Wasatchian														50.5
			Clarkforkian														54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian														56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian														56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian														59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian														60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian														61.6
		Danian	Puercan														63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian							100.5
										Middle Albian							106.2 *
										Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian							113
		Aptian								Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian							139.8
										Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
										Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian		227
		Carnian		Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
		Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
							Filipovian	276.5 *
							Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
							Irginian	285.9 *
							Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian	Tastubian			Sakmarian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian			Shikhanian	293.52
						Uskalykian	294.8
						Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Ontarian			433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian			Gamachian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	Chientangkiangian			445.2
								Richmondian	Chientangkiangian			446 *
								Richmondian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
								Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian					450.4 *
					Mohawkian			Chatfieldian					451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian					453
								Turinian					453.7 *
					Whiterockian							Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo				458.4
		Darriwilian							Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
		Dapingian							Dapingian					467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian	Dapingian					469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian			Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †				Cassinian †	Yiyangian	470
		Floian						Tulean						Yiyangian	473.9 *
		Tremadocian												Xinchangian	477.7
											Lianghekou †				477.9 *
								Stairsian							480.3 *
								Skullrockian					Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10													Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian													Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian													Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian												Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan												Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan												Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4												Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3												Dyeran		514
														Montezuman		514.8 *
														Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian														529
																	538.8