PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of China			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean									0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean									0.0004
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian				0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean									0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean									0.129
					Irvingtonian									0.21
										Ensenadan				0.3 *
				Calabrian										0.774
					Blancan									1.4
										Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
				Gelasian						Sanandresian				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean				2.58
				Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
				Zanclean						Chapadmalalan				3.6
										Montehermosan				3.7 *
					Hemphillian					Montehermosan				4.7
										Huayquerian				4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
										Chasicoan				7.9 *
					Clarendonian					Chasicoan				9.4
										Mayoan				9.9 *
										Laventan				10.9 *
				Serravallian										11.63
					Barstovian									12.5
										Colloncuran				13.7 *
				Langhian						Colloncuran				13.82
				Langhian						Friasian				15.4 *
				Burdigalian						Friasian				15.98
										Santacrucian				16.2 *
					Hemingfordian					Santacrucian				16.3
					Hemingfordian					Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
					Arikareean									18.5
				Aquitanian										20.44
				Aquitanian						Deseadan				20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
				Rupelian										27.82
										Tinguirirican				28.9 *
					Whitneyan									29.5
					Orellan									31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian									33.9
					Chadronian					Divisaderan				35.9 *
					Duchesnean									37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean									37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan									39.7
				Lutetian										41.2
										Mustersan				41.9 *
					Bridgerian									46.2
				Ypresian										47.8
										Casamayoran				47.9 *
					Wasatchian									50.5
					Clarkforkian									54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian					Riochican				56
					Tiffanian					Riochican				56.2
										Itaboraian				56.9 *
										Peligran				58.9 *
				Selandian										59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian									60.9
				Danian										61.6
										Tiupampan				62.4 *
					Puercan					Tiupampan				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian					66
Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan		72.1
Santonian						83.6
Coniacian						86.3
Turonian						89.8
Cenomanian						93.9
Early Cretaceous			Albian			100.5
			Aptian			113
			Barremian			121.4
			Hauterivian			125.77
			Valanginian			132.6
			Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
			Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Oxfordian			154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian			168.2
			Aalenian			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
			Pliensbachian			184.2
			Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian			208.5
			Carnian			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian			Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian			Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	323.2
			Visean			Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian			Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian		Cazenovian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian						Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian						Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou					Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian	Chientangkiangian						Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							449.5
			Sandbian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo						458.4
			Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †					Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian							470
			Tremadocian	Xinchangian							477.7
			Tremadocian	Xinchangian						Lianghekou †	477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
			Jiangshanian								489.5
			Paibian								494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								497
			Drumian								500.5
			Wuliuan								504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								509
		Series 2	Stage 3								514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan	1375
														1400