PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean						Wanganui	Haweran					0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean												0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean												0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean												0.129
			Irvingtonian												0.21
										Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian													0.774
			Blancan												1.4
										Nukumaruan					1.63
		Gelasian								Nukumaruan					1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Mangapanian					2.58
		Piacenzian								Waipipian					3
		Zanclean								Waipipian					3.6
										Opoitian					3.7
			Hemphillian							Opoitian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
			Clarendonian												9.4
									Southland	Waiauan					11.04
		Serravallian													11.63
			Barstovian												12.5
										Lillburnian					13.05
		Langhian								Lillburnian					13.82
										Clifdenian					15.1
									Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian													15.98
			Hemingfordian												16.3
			Arikareean												18.5
										Otaian					18.7
		Aquitanian								Otaian					20.44
		Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Waitakian					23.03
										Duntroonian					25.2
										Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
			Whitneyan												29.5
			Orellan												31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian												33.9
									Arnold	Runangan					34.6
										Kaiatan					36.7
			Duchesnean												37
		Bartonian													37.71
										Bortonian					39.1
			Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
										Heretaungan					45.7
			Bridgerian												46.2
		Ypresian													47.8
										Mangaorapan					48.9
			Wasatchian							Mangaorapan					50.5
			Wasatchian							Waipawan					52
			Clarkforkian							Waipawan					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian							Teurian					56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian												56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian												59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian												60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian												61.6
		Danian	Puercan												63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian			Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean	90.5
					Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian			Korangan	113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian	Buildwas					426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian	Buildwas					427.4
		Homerian	Wych				Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian					Ashgill	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian						Bohdalec †		Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Caradoc			Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
			Berounian		449.7 *						Streffordian
					Cheneyan						451.5 *
					Burrellian						452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
				Marshbrookian †							Woolstonian †	454.2 *
				Longvillian †								455.2 *
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Aurelucian									456.8 *
				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian										457.4 *
				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian					Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn									458.4
			Dobrotivian											458.5 *
			Oretanian											459.7 *
					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn									461.3 *
									Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian							Klabava †					467.3
			Arenigian											468
				Arenig	Fennian									468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian									470
					Whitlandian									471.1 *
					Moridunian									474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian		Tremadoc				Migneintian					477.7
					Tremadoc				Cressagian					480.8 *
														485 *
															485.4