PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean																		0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean																		0.0004
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean																		0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean																		0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian																		0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian																		0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan																		1.4
		Gelasian																			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																			2.58
		Zanclean																			3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian																		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian																		9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian																		11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian																		12.5
		Langhian																			13.82
		Burdigalian																			15.98
			Hemingfordian																		16.3
			Arikareean																		18.5
		Aquitanian																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
		Rupelian																Kekeamuan			27.82
			Whitneyan																		29.5
			Orellan																		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian															Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean															Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean															Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan																		39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan																		41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian																		46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian																Bumbanian		47.8
			Wasatchian																		50.5
			Clarkforkian																		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian															Gashatan			56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian															Gashatan			56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian																		59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian																		60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian																		61.6
		Danian	Puercan																		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			66
		Campanian																			72.1
		Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
		Aptian																			113
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																			145
		Kimmeridgian																			149.2
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Bathonian																			165.3
		Bajocian																			168.2
		Aalenian																			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																			174.7
		Pliensbachian																			184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian		Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian		Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian		Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian		Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian		Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian	323.2
		Visean		Chesterian	330.9
				Meramecian	335.8 *
				Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian			Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani		433.4
		Telychian	Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill		Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan				Pirgu	445.2
					Cautleyan					448.9 *
					Pusgillian					449.3 *
			Caradoc		Streffordian				Onnian †	Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
					Cheneyan					Rakvere		451.5 *
					Cheneyan					Oandu		452 *
					Burrellian					Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
									Actonian †	Keila		453.2 *
									Actonian †	Haljala		453.9
									Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †				455.2 *
										Kukruse			456.4 *
					Aurelucian								456.8 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					Uhaku			458.4
										Lasnamagi			458.9 *
										Aseri			460.4 *
					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					Aseri			461.3 *
								Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
										Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
			Arenig		Fennian									468.4 *
										Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
											Latorp †			470.1 *
					Whitlandian									471.1 *
					Whitlandian					Hunneberg				473.7 *
					Moridunian									474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian									477.7
					Cressagian									480.8 *
										Varangu				481.3 *
										Pakerort				482.2 *
														Mansian †	483.55 *
														Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Batyrbaian			Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																				486.3 *
								486.5
								Sunwaptan												487.5
		Jiangshanian														Jiangshanian				489.5
											Aksaian									490.7 *
											Sakian									492.2 *
								Steptoean												493 *
		Paibian														Paibian				494
						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian									494.7 *
						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian									Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian								Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Marjumian	Albertian †		497
		Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian								Guzhangian					499.5
		Drumian				Mayan/Menevian								Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan				Amgan/Solvan								Wuliuan/Taijangian		Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan												Wuliuan/Taijangian		Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Duyunian			Waucoban †		509
						Toyonian		Lenian †											510 *
						Toyonian										Dyeran			511 *
						Botomian													512.5 *
		Stage 3												Nangaoian					514
																Montezuman			514.8 *
						Atdabanian										Montezuman			515.6 *
						Atdabanian										Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian	Meishucunian							521
		Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian						Manykaian †						529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian	Manykaian †						530.7
																					538.8