PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of Britain				Permian of the Salt Range	Precambrian of Russia	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Central Paratethys Stages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean														0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean														0.0004
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Nihewanian		Sheridanian			Lujanian		0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean														0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean														0.129
					Irvingtonian									Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
																	Ensenadan		0.3 *
				Calabrian															0.774
					Blancan									Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
																	Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
				Gelasian													Sanandresian		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Yushean					Vorohuean		2.58
				Piacenzian													Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
				Zanclean													Chapadmalalan		3.6
																	Montehermosan		3.7 *
					Hemphillian									Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan		4.7
												Baodean					Huayquerian		4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian									Pannonian						7.246
																	Chasicoan		7.9 *
					Clarendonian									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Chasicoan		9.4
																	Mayoan		9.9 *
																	Laventan		10.9 *
												Tunggurian							11.1
				Serravallian									Sarmatian						11.63
					Barstovian								Sarmatian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
													Badenian						12.8 *
													Badenian				Colloncuran		13.7 *
				Langhian								Shanwangian					Colloncuran		13.82
				Langhian													Friasian		15.4 *
				Burdigalian													Friasian		15.98
																	Santacrucian		16.2 *
					Hemingfordian									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
												Xiejiaan							16.9
																	Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
					Arikareean									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
				Aquitanian															20.44
				Aquitanian													Deseadan		20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
															Monroecreekian				23.1 *
															Geringian				24.7 *
				Rupelian															27.82
																	Tinguirirican		28.9 *
					Whitneyan														29.5
					Orellan														31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian									Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
					Chadronian									Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Divisaderan		35.9 *
					Duchesnean														37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean														37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan									Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
				Lutetian															41.2
																	Mustersan		41.9 *
					Bridgerian									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
				Ypresian															47.8
																	Casamayoran		47.9 *
					Wasatchian									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
					Clarkforkian											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican		56
					Tiffanian											Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican		56.2
																	Itaboraian		56.9 *
																	Peligran		58.9 *
				Selandian															59.2
Torrejonian	To3/To2/To1			Selandian	60.9
				Danian	61.6
					Tiupampan	62.4 *
Puercan	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Tiupampan	63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				66
			Campanian				72.1
			Santonian				83.6
			Coniacian				86.3
			Turonian				89.8
			Cenomanian				93.9
		Early Cretaceous	Albian				100.5
			Aptian				113
			Barremian				121.4
			Hauterivian				125.77
			Valanginian				132.6
			Berriasian				139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
			Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				168.2
			Aalenian				170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
			Pliensbachian				184.2
			Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian				199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian				208.5
			Carnian				227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
			Induan				251.2
			Induan				Kathwai	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	251.902
								252.4 *
							Chhidru	252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian				Chhidru	254.14
							Kalabagh	255 *
							Wargal	256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
								265.3 *
							Amb	266.1 *
			Roadian				Amb	266.9
			Roadian					270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
			Pragian					Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian		Rawtheyan	445.2
					Cautleyan	448.9 *
					Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †			449.6 *
					Cheneyan				451.5 *
					Burrellian				452.7 *
			Sandbian						453
						Actonian †			453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †				455.2 *
					Aurelucian	Longvillian †				456.8 *
					Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
			Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
			Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					467.3
			Dapingian	Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Fennian					470
					Whitlandian					471.1 *
					Moridunian					474.3 *
			Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian					Ungurian	477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian						480.8 *
											485 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian	485.4
			Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian	489.5
										Aksaian	490.7 *
Sakian										492.2 *
Sakian			Paibian							494
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian							497
		Guzhangian								499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian							500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian							503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian							504.5
		Wuliuan								505.3
Series 2		Stage 4								509
			Toyonian							510 *
			Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian				514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian				515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Tommotian				521
		Stage 2					525.5
		Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
																			1400