PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of North America		Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian Ages of Europe	Ordovician of North America						Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean																0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean																0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean																0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean																0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian																0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian																0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan																1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	2.58
		Zanclean																	3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian																4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian																9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian																11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian																12.5
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
			Hemingfordian																16.3
			Arikareean																18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
		Rupelian																	27.82
			Whitneyan																29.5
			Orellan																31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian																33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean																37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean																37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan																39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan																41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian																46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian																47.8
			Wasatchian																50.5
			Clarkforkian																54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian																56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian																56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian																59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian																60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian																61.6
		Danian	Puercan																63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Senonian										66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Gallic										100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian							Neocomian										125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian															Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
		Bajocian																Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian															Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
					180.1												Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum	182
		Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni	184.2
		Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi	192.9
		Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian		Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian						Lockportian		Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian			433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
			Alexandrian								438.7 *
							Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian										Gamachian	445.2
												Richmondian	446 *
												Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
												Edenian		450.4 *
											Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian										Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian			453.7 *
									Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
		Dapingian												467.3
		Dapingian									Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Ibexian		Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian									Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian									Tulean				477.7
											Stairsian				480.3 *
				Skullrockian							Demingian †			482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan				485.4
		Stage 10		Sunwaptan												487.5
		Jiangshanian		Sunwaptan												489.5
		Jiangshanian		Steptoean												493 *
		Paibian		Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian	Albertian †						497
		Drumian		Marjumian							500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan							504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †						509
		Stage 4		Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran							514
				Montezuman							514.8 *
				Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
																			538.8