PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of Siberia			Devonian of Germany
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean								0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean								0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean								0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean								0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian								0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian								0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan								1.4
				Gelasian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
				Zanclean									3.6
				Zanclean	Hemphillian								4.7
			Miocene	Messinian									5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
				Tortonian	Clarendonian								9.4
				Serravallian	Clarendonian								11.63
				Serravallian	Barstovian								12.5
				Langhian									13.82
				Burdigalian									15.98
					Hemingfordian								16.3
					Arikareean								18.5
				Aquitanian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
				Rupelian									27.82
					Whitneyan								29.5
					Orellan								31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian								33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean								37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean								37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan								39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan								41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian								46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian								47.8
					Wasatchian								50.5
					Clarkforkian								54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian								56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian								56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian								59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian								60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian								61.6
				Danian	Puercan								63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
				Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
				Pliensbachian									184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
			Kasimovian	303.7
			Moscovian	307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian	Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan			419.2
		Pridoli		Niagaran			422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Medinan			Clinton		440.1 *
									440.7 *
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
			Katian					445.2
			Sandbian					453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian					470
			Tremadocian					477.7
			Tremadocian					Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian			489.5
								Aksaian			490.7 *
								Sakian			492.2 *
			Paibian								494
			Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian			497
			Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian			499.5
			Drumian					Mayan/Menevian			500.5
			Wuliuan					Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					Amgan/Solvan			509
								Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
								Botomian			512.5 *
			Stage 3					Botomian			514
			Stage 3					Atdabanian			515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian			521
			Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
			Fortunian					Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										1000
		Ectasian										1200
		Calymmian										1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian										1600
		Orosirian										1800
		Rhyacian										2050
		Siderian										2300
Archean	Neoarchean											2500
	Mesoarchean											2800
	Paleoarchean											3200
	Eoarchean											3600
Hadean												4000
													4600