PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian of North America			Permian of the Pamirs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian				Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean									Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean									Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian					Cudahyan/Sappan				Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian					Cudahyan/Sappan				Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan					Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene	15.98
			Hemingfordian					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
			Arikareean					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene	23.03
									Monroecreekian				23.1 *
									Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian							Geringian			Early Oligocene	27.82
			Whitneyan										29.5
			Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean									Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean									Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan					Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan					Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Early Eocene	47.8
			Wasatchian					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
			Clarkforkian							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian							To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian							To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian	Puercan							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian	259.51
		Wordian		Midian	264.28
		Wordian		Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian		Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian		Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
		Pragian				Siegen	407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien	Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan			Ohesaare	419.2
					Cayugan			Kaugetuma	421.7 *
					Niagaran			Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu					Lockportian	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu						430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani						431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani					Ontarian	433.4
		Telychian	Adavere						434 *
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Raikkula							439.4 *
					Medinan			Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru							441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								497
		Guzhangian								Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Branchian	509
		Stage 3								Branchian	514
		Stage 3								Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
													538.8