PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127468 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian Ages of Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Britain			Carboniferous of North America	Silurian of England	Central Paratethys Stages	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean						Wanganui	Haweran								0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean															0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean															0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean															0.129
			Irvingtonian															0.21
										Castlecliffian								0.34
		Calabrian																0.774
			Blancan															1.4
										Nukumaruan								1.63
		Gelasian								Nukumaruan								1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Mangapanian							Villanyian	2.58
										Waipipian							Villanyian	3
																	Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean																3.6
										Opoitian								3.7
			Hemphillian							Opoitian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean							Turolian	5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian														Pannonian		7.246
																	Vallesian	8.7
			Clarendonian															9.4
									Southland	Waiauan								11.04
		Serravallian														Sarmatian	Astaracian	11.63
			Barstovian													Sarmatian		12.5
																Badenian		12.8 *
										Lillburnian						Badenian		13.05
		Langhian								Lillburnian								13.82
										Clifdenian								15.1
									Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian															Orleanian	15.98
			Hemingfordian															16.3
			Arikareean															18.5
										Otaian								18.7
																	Agenian	20
		Aquitanian																20.44
		Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian								21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Waitakian								23.03
										Duntroonian								25.2
										Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian																27.82
			Whitneyan															29.5
			Orellan															31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian															33.9
									Arnold	Runangan								34.6
										Kaiatan								36.7
			Duchesnean															37
		Bartonian																37.71
										Bortonian								39.1
			Uintan															39.7
		Lutetian																41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
										Heretaungan								45.7
			Bridgerian															46.2
		Ypresian																47.8
										Mangaorapan								48.9
			Wasatchian							Mangaorapan								50.5
			Wasatchian							Waipawan								52
			Clarkforkian							Waipawan								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian							Teurian								56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian															56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian			Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean	90.5
					Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian			Korangan	113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian				Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian				Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian	323.2
		Visean				Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian	Siegen				407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle				Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle				Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale				Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas		Gleedonian	427.4
			Wych				Woolhope		Gleedonian	428.4 *
									Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju		Porkuni					Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian			Pirgu						Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
				Pusgillian							449.3 *
				Vormsi	Caradoc					Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
				Nabala								Johvi †	450 *
			Viru	Rakvere									450.6 *
				Rakvere						Cheneyan			451.5 *
				Oandu						Cheneyan			452 *
				Oandu						Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian		Keila								Idavere †	453
				Keila							Actonian †		453.2 *
				Haljala							Actonian †		453.9
											Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †			455.2 *
				Kukruse										456.4 *
										Aurelucian				456.8 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
				Uhaku							Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku	Llanvirn					Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
				Lasnamagi										458.9 *
				Aseri										460.4 *
				Aseri						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
			Oeland	Kunda										462.9 *
				Kunda								Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
				Volkhov										Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian													467.3
					Arenig					Fennian					468.4 *
				Billingen											469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian													470
												Latorp †			470.1 *
										Whitlandian					471.1 *
				Hunneberg						Whitlandian					473.7 *
										Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadoc					Migneintian					477.7
										Cressagian					480.8 *
				Varangu											481.3 *
				Pakerort											482.2 *
															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10													485.4
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10													486.3 *
																		486.5