PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian of China	Silurian of North America			Silurian of England		Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of France	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean													0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean													0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean													0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean													0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian													0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian													0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan													1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian													4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian													9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian													11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian													12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
			Hemingfordian													16.3
			Arikareean													18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
			Whitneyan													29.5
			Orellan													31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian													33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean													37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean													37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan													39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan													41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian													46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian													47.8
			Wasatchian													50.5
			Clarkforkian													54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian													56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian													56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian													59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian													60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian													61.6
		Danian	Puercan													63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Late Albian				100.5
												Middle Albian				106.2 *
												Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian										Late Aptian				113
		Aptian										Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian										Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian										Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian				139.8
												Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
												Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian										Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian										Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian		227
		Carnian		Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian			251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian			Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian			Longtanian †	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan				259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian				264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian				273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian				283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian				285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian				290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian				298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway					Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean					Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan					Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian					Cazenovian	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian					Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Pragian							Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian							Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Cayugan	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
									Cayugan		Bringewood/Elton		421.3
									Niagaran		Bringewood/Elton		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian											425.6
		Gorstian									Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian									Buildwas		Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian								Wych	Woolhope		Lockportian	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian												430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Ontarian								433.4
		Telychian											436.3 *
		Aeronian											438.5
													Alexandrian	438.7 *
										Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
					Medinan				Clinton					440.1 *
														440.7 *
		Rhuddanian												440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian												443.8
		Katian												445.2
		Sandbian												453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian												467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian												477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Series 3 †	497
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †								504.5
																509