PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean							0.129
			Irvingtonian							0.21
					Ensenadan					0.3 *
		Calabrian								0.774
			Blancan							1.4
					Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean					2.58
		Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
		Zanclean			Chapadmalalan					3.6
					Montehermosan					3.7 *
			Hemphillian		Montehermosan					4.7
					Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
					Chasicoan					7.9 *
			Clarendonian		Chasicoan					9.4
					Mayoan					9.9 *
					Laventan					10.9 *
		Serravallian								11.63
			Barstovian							12.5
					Colloncuran					13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran					13.82
		Langhian			Friasian					15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Friasian					15.98
					Santacrucian					16.2 *
			Hemingfordian		Santacrucian					16.3
			Hemingfordian		Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
			Arikareean							18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan					20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
		Rupelian								27.82
					Tinguirirican					28.9 *
			Whitneyan							29.5
			Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian							33.9
			Chadronian		Divisaderan					35.9 *
			Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean							37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian								41.2
					Mustersan					41.9 *
			Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian								47.8
					Casamayoran					47.9 *
			Wasatchian							50.5
			Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian		Riochican					56
			Tiffanian		Riochican					56.2
					Itaboraian					56.9 *
					Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian								59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian								61.6
					Tiupampan					62.4 *
			Puercan		Tiupampan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian		72.1
		Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		100.5
		Aptian		113
		Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian		251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian		264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian				300.1
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian				Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian				Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10			Sunwaptan				487.5
		Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan				489.5
		Jiangshanian			Steptoean				493 *
		Paibian			Steptoean				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian		Albertian †				497
		Drumian	Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran		Waucoban †				509
		Stage 4	Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran						514
			Montezuman						514.8 *
			Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
										538.8