PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Silurian of England		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean												0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean												0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean											Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean											Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian											Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian											Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan												1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian											Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian												9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian											Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian												12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian												Early Miocene	15.98
			Hemingfordian												16.3
			Arikareean												18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian								Late Oligocene	23.03
		Rupelian			Kekeamuan									Early Oligocene	27.82
			Whitneyan												29.5
			Orellan												31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan												41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian												46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian			Bumbanian								Early Eocene	47.8
			Wasatchian												50.5
			Clarkforkian												54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian		Gashatan									Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian		Gashatan									Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian											Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian											Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian											Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian	Puercan											Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian										Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
												Kawhia	Ohauan		150
													Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Callovian											Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi			Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian					Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian					Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour			Otapirian	201.4
		Norian					Warepan	208.5
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian					Oretian	227
		Carnian		Gore			Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian					Etalian	238
		Anisian					Etalian	242
		Anisian					Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian	Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian		249
		Induan					Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan		DUrville			Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				Flettian	264.28
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				Barettian	266
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian						Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian						Mangapirian	283.5
								Telfordian	285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine			419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton			421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood			423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas			426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas			427.4
		Homerian			Wych	Woolhope			428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian							Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan							Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4							Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3							Dyeran		514
									Montezuman		514.8 *
									Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
															538.8