PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian Subages of Germany	South American Land Mammal Ages		Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of North America		Ten Million Year Bins
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean		Wanganui	Haweran							Cenozoic 6		0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean												0.0004
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian							0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean												0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean												0.129
					Irvingtonian												0.21
										Ensenadan							0.3 *
								Castlecliffian									0.34
				Calabrian													0.774
					Blancan												1.4
								Nukumaruan									1.63
										Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
				Gelasian													1.8
				Gelasian				Mangapanian									2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean							2.58
										Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
								Waipipian									3
				Zanclean				Waipipian									3.6
								Opoitian		Montehermosan							3.7 *
					Hemphillian					Montehermosan							4.7
										Huayquerian							4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
				Messinian				Tongaporutuan									7.2
				Tortonian													7.246
										Chasicoan							7.9 *
					Clarendonian					Chasicoan							9.4
										Mayoan							9.9 *
										Laventan							10.9 *
							Southland	Waiauan									11.04
				Serravallian											Cenozoic 5		11.63
					Barstovian												12.5
								Lillburnian									13.05
										Colloncuran							13.7 *
				Langhian													13.82
								Clifdenian									15.1
								Clifdenian		Friasian							15.4 *
							Pareora	Altonian									15.9
				Burdigalian													15.98
										Santacrucian							16.2 *
					Hemingfordian					Santacrucian							16.3
					Hemingfordian					Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
					Arikareean												18.5
								Otaian									18.7
				Aquitanian													20.44
										Deseadan							20.9 *
							Landon	Waitakian									21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian							Cenozoic 4		23.03
								Duntroonian									25.2
								Whaingaroan									27.3
				Rupelian													27.82
										Tinguirirican							28.9 *
					Whitneyan												29.5
					Orellan												31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian										Cenozoic 3		33.9
							Arnold	Runangan									34.6
								Runangan		Divisaderan							35.9 *
								Kaiatan									36.7
					Duchesnean												37
				Bartonian													37.71
								Bortonian									39.1
					Uintan												39.7
				Lutetian											Cenozoic 2		41.2
Mustersan	41.9 *
	Dannevirke					Porangan	42.6
						Heretaungan	45.7
					Bridgerian		46.2
				Ypresian			47.8
Casamayoran							47.9 *
						Mangaorapan	48.9
					Wasatchian	Mangaorapan	50.5
					Wasatchian	Waipawan	52
					Clarkforkian	Waipawan	54.9
Paleocene			Thanetian	Teurian	Clarkforkian	Riochican	Cenozoic 1	56
					Tiffanian	Riochican		56.2
						Itaboraian		56.9 *
						Peligran		58.9 *
			Selandian					59.2
			Selandian		Torrejonian			60.9
			Danian					61.6
						Tiupampan		62.4 *
					Puercan	Tiupampan		63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian		Cretaceous 8	66
			Campanian			Haumurian		Cretaceous 7	72.1
			Santonian			Piripauan		Cretaceous 6	83.6
			Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
			Coniacian						86.3
			Turonian						89.8
						Mangaotanean			90.5
						Arowhanan			93.7
			Cenomanian			Arowhanan		Cretaceous 5	93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
						Motuan			99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan		Cretaceous 4	100.5
						Urutawan			103.3
					Taitai	Korangan			108.4
			Aptian			Korangan		Cretaceous 3	113
			Aptian					Cretaceous 3	117.5
			Barremian					Cretaceous 2	121.4
			Hauterivian					Cretaceous 2	125.77
			Valanginian					Cretaceous 1	132.6
			Berriasian					Cretaceous 1	139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Jurassic 6	145
			Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5	149.2
			Oxfordian						154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
			Bathonian					Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian					Jurassic 4	168.2
			Aalenian					Jurassic 3	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Jurassic 3	174.7
			Pliensbachian					Jurassic 2	184.2
			Sinemurian					Jurassic 1	192.9
			Hettangian					Jurassic 1	199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian					Triassic 4	208.5
			Carnian					Triassic 3	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Triassic 2	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian					Triassic 2	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					Triassic 1	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan					Triassic 1	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Buntsandstein	Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Buntsandstein		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					Ohre/Aller		259.51
			Wordian					Leine		264.28
			Roadian						Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						Permian 2	273.01
			Artinskian							283.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian						Permian 1	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Carboniferous 5	298.9
			Kasimovian						Carboniferous 5	303.7
			Moscovian						Carboniferous 4	307
			Bashkirian						Carboniferous 4	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean						Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Tournaisian						Carboniferous 1	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian	Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						Frasnian	Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Couvinien	Devonian 3	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian							Devonian 1	407.6
			Pragian						Coblencien		408.2 *
			Lochkovian						Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli									Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood				423
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian				Buildwas				426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas				427.4
			Homerian	Wych			Woolhope				428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							Silurian 1	433.4
			Telychian								436.3 *
			Aeronian								438.5
			Aeronian	Cowleigh Park							439.3 *
			Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							Kosovian	443.8
			Katian								Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian								Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4									453
						Zahorany †/Vinice							Letna †	456.2 *
						Liben †								458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3										458.4
											Dobrotivian			458.5 *
											Oretanian			459.7 *
					Sarka †								461.7 *
			Dapingian	Ordovician 2	Klabava †								467.3
			Dapingian								Arenigian		468
		Early Ordovician	Floian								Arenigian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadocian								477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Cambrian 5									485.4
			Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian											Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †									Cambrian 4	497
			Drumian	Marjumian										Cambrian 4	500.5
			Wuliuan	Topazan										Cambrian 3	504.5
			Wuliuan	Delamaran											506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †										509
			Stage 4	Dyeran											511 *
			Stage 3	Dyeran										Cambrian 2	514
				Montezuman											514.8 *
Begadean				519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran			Vendian											538.8
		Cryogenian						635
		Tonian						720
		Tonian			Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian			Karatau			1000
		Stenian			Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian			Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian			Burzyan			1375
																	1400