PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Carboniferous of China	Ordovician of North America					Cenozoic Subepochs	Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of North America		Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of England
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean													Cenozoic 6			0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean																0.0004
				Northgrippian																	0.0042
				Greenlandian																	0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene							0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean									Late Pleistocene							0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean									Middle Pleistocene							0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian									Middle Pleistocene							0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian									Early Pleistocene							0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan																1.4
				Gelasian																	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene							2.58
				Zanclean										Early Pliocene							3.6
				Zanclean	Hemphillian									Early Pliocene							4.7
			Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene							5.333
				Tortonian																	7.246
				Tortonian	Clarendonian																9.4
				Serravallian	Clarendonian									Middle Miocene				Cenozoic 5			11.63
				Serravallian	Barstovian																12.5
				Langhian																	13.82
				Burdigalian										Early Miocene							15.98
					Hemingfordian																16.3
					Arikareean																18.5
				Aquitanian																	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene				Cenozoic 4			23.03
				Rupelian										Early Oligocene							27.82
					Whitneyan																29.5
					Orellan																31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian									Late Eocene				Cenozoic 3			33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean									Late Eocene							37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean									Middle Eocene							37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan																39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan													Cenozoic 2			41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian																46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian									Early Eocene							47.8
					Wasatchian																50.5
					Clarkforkian																54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian									Late Paleocene				Cenozoic 1			56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian									Late Paleocene							56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian									Middle Paleocene							59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian									Middle Paleocene							60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian									Early Paleocene							61.6
				Danian	Puercan									Early Paleocene							63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														Cretaceous 8			66
				Campanian														Cretaceous 7			72.1
				Santonian														Cretaceous 6			83.6
				Coniacian																	86.3
				Turonian																	89.8
				Cenomanian														Cretaceous 5			93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														Cretaceous 4			100.5
				Aptian														Cretaceous 3			113
				Barremian														Cretaceous 2			121.4
				Hauterivian														Cretaceous 2			125.77
				Valanginian														Cretaceous 1			132.6
				Berriasian														Cretaceous 1			139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														Jurassic 6			145
				Kimmeridgian														Jurassic 5			149.2
				Oxfordian																	154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
				Bathonian														Jurassic 4			165.3
				Bajocian														Jurassic 4			168.2
				Aalenian														Jurassic 3			170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian														Jurassic 3			174.7
				Pliensbachian														Jurassic 2			184.2
Sinemurian				Jurassic 1		192.9
Hettangian				Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4		208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3		227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2		242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1		251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
			Asselian	Permian 1		Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
							Xiaodushanian	300 *
						Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
								Cantabrian	305 *
							Dalaun		305.8 *
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
						Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Huashibanian	Westphalian A	318.5 *
						Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian			Carboniferous 3	Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
				Shangsian	330.8 *			Pendleian
			Visean	Shangsian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	Carboniferous 2	330.9
				Jiusian	Warnantian	Brigantian †		335 *
					Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Tournaisian	Ivorian		Tangbagouan	Carboniferous 1	346.7
			Tournaisian	Hastarian		Tangbagouan	Carboniferous 1	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian				Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian				Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian							425.6
			Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1			433.4
			Telychian							436.3 *
			Aeronian							438.5
			Aeronian					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
			Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian		Ordovician 5	Kosovian	443.8
			Katian					Gamachian			Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
								Richmondian			Kralodvorian		446 *
Berounian								Richmondian			449.7 *
								Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian		449.8 *
								Edenian					450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian					451.1 *
			Sandbian					Chatfieldian		Ordovician 4			453
								Turinian					453.7 *
								Turinian					Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Whiterockian				Canadian †		Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
												Liben †				458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Ordovician 3						458.4
Dobrotivian																458.5 *
Oretanian																459.7 *
												Sarka †				461.7 *
			Dapingian							Ordovician 2		Klabava †				467.3
Arenigian																468
								Rangerian								469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian							Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian					Tulean									473.9 *
Tremadocian			Ordovician 1					Tulean		Tremadocian							477.7
								Stairsian									480.3 *
								Skullrockian								Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Cambrian 5		485.4
		Stage 10																Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian																Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian																Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian																Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian													Marjumian	Albertian †		Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian													Marjumian			Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan													Topazan			Cambrian 3	504.5
		Wuliuan													Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Delamaran	Waucoban †			509
		Stage 4													Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3													Dyeran			Cambrian 2	514
															Montezuman				514.8 *
															Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																Cambrian 1	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian																		635
		Tonian			720
		Tonian			Karatau													800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian		1000	Karatau
		Stenian		Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian		Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan	1375
																					1400