PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of Western Europe	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian Subages of Germany	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of North America		Cambrian Epochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean		Wanganui	Haweran											0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean														0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean														0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean														0.129
			Irvingtonian														0.21
						Castlecliffian											0.34
		Calabrian															0.774
			Blancan														1.4
						Nukumaruan											1.63
		Gelasian				Nukumaruan											1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian											2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian											2.58
		Piacenzian				Waipipian											3
		Zanclean				Waipipian											3.6
						Opoitian											3.7
			Hemphillian			Opoitian											4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean											5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan											7.2
		Tortonian															7.246
			Clarendonian														9.4
					Southland	Waiauan											11.04
		Serravallian															11.63
			Barstovian														12.5
						Lillburnian											13.05
		Langhian				Lillburnian											13.82
						Clifdenian											15.1
					Pareora	Altonian											15.9
		Burdigalian															15.98
			Hemingfordian														16.3
			Arikareean														18.5
						Otaian											18.7
		Aquitanian				Otaian											20.44
		Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian											21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
						Duntroonian											25.2
						Whaingaroan											27.3
		Rupelian										Kekeamuan					27.82
			Whitneyan														29.5
			Orellan														31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
					Arnold	Runangan											34.6
						Kaiatan											36.7
			Duchesnean														37
		Bartonian										Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
						Bortonian											39.1
			Uintan														39.7
		Lutetian															41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan											42.6
						Heretaungan											45.7
			Bridgerian														46.2
		Ypresian											Bumbanian				47.8
						Mangaorapan											48.9
			Wasatchian			Mangaorapan											50.5
			Wasatchian			Waipawan											52
			Clarkforkian			Waipawan											54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian			Teurian						Gashatan					56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian									Gashatan					56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian														59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian														60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian														61.6
		Danian	Puercan														63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian			Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean	90.5
					Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian			Korangan	113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
						Planulata	179.3 *
						Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
						Kanense		181.3 *
						Carlottense		182.3 *
						Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian				Kunae		184.2
						Freboldi		185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian							192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian				Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Melekhovian	Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Buntsandstein	Zechstein			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Rotliegendes	Ohre/Aller			Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian									Leine			Wordian	264.28
		Wordian							Noginskian		Leine			Wordian	264.9 *
		Roadian												Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian												Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
									Pavlovoposadian						Cathedralian	276.8 *
													Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian								Autunian			Hessian		283.5
												Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
									Rusavkinian					287.6 *
		Sakmarian												290.1
		Asselian											Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
		Kasimovian							Dorogomilovian				303.7
									Khamovnikian				304.8
									Krevyakinian				305.8 *
		Moscovian							Myachkovian				307
									Podolskian				308.9 *
									Kashirian				311.4 *
									Vereian				313.8
									Melekessian				314.8
		Bashkirian							Melekessian				315.2
									Cheremshanian				316.9 *
									Prikamian				318.6 *
									Severokeltmian				319.9 *
									Krasnopolyanian				321.2 *
									Voznesenian				321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian				323.2
					Protvian				324.4 *
					Steshevian				326.8 *
					Tarusian				329 *
		Visean			Venevian				330.9
				Mikhailovian	331.9 *
				Aleksinian	333.7 *
				Tulian	335.8 *
				Bobrikian	339.9 *
				Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian		Kosvian	346.7
				Kizelian	350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
																	538.8