PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of North America		Silurian of North America			Devonian Subages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Central Paratethys Stages	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean													0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean													0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean												Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean												Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian												Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian												Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan													1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean													Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian												Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian										Pannonian				7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian									Pannonian				9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian									Sarmatian			Middle Miocene	11.63
			Barstovian									Sarmatian				12.5
												Badenian				12.8 *
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian													Early Miocene	15.98
			Hemingfordian													16.3
			Arikareean													18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Late Oligocene	23.03
		Rupelian													Early Oligocene	27.82
			Whitneyan													29.5
			Orellan													31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian												Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean												Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean												Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan													39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan													41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian													46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian												Early Eocene	47.8
			Wasatchian													50.5
			Clarkforkian													54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian												Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian												Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian												Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian												Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian												Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian	Puercan												Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Senonian	Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian									Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Gallic						100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian								Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian											Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
													Kawhia	Ohauan		150
														Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Callovian												Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian			Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian			Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
		Carnian			Oretian	227
		Carnian		Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian			Etalian	238
		Anisian			Etalian	242
		Anisian			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan			Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian		Wordian		Flettian	264.28
		Wordian		Wordian		Barettian	266
		Roadian		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian			Cathedralian	273.01
						Mangapirian	Cathedralian	276
							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						283.5
						Telfordian		285
				Wolfcampian		Telfordian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian						Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian						358.9
			Middle Famennian						365.3 *
			Early Famennian						368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian						372.2
			Middle Frasnian						375.4 *
			Early Frasnian						379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian						382.7
			Middle Givetian						383.7 *
			Early Givetian						385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian						387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian						390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian						393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian						398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian						410.8
			Middle Lochkovian						412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian						415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan							419.2
	Pridoli		Niagaran							422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Medinan							Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
																443.8