PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of North America		Devonian of France	Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian of China	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean								Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean											0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean											0.129
			Irvingtonian											0.21
												Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian												0.774
			Blancan											1.4
												Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian										Waipipian		3
		Zanclean										Waipipian		3.6
												Opoitian		3.7
			Hemphillian									Opoitian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian												7.246
			Clarendonian											9.4
											Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian												11.63
			Barstovian											12.5
												Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian		13.82
												Clifdenian		15.1
											Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian												15.98
			Hemingfordian											16.3
			Arikareean											18.5
												Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian										Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Waitakian		23.03
												Duntroonian		25.2
												Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
			Whitneyan											29.5
			Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian											33.9
											Arnold	Runangan		34.6
												Kaiatan		36.7
			Duchesnean											37
		Bartonian												37.71
												Bortonian		39.1
			Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian												41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
												Heretaungan		45.7
			Bridgerian											46.2
		Ypresian												47.8
												Mangaorapan		48.9
			Wasatchian									Mangaorapan		50.5
			Wasatchian									Waipawan		52
			Clarkforkian									Waipawan		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian									Teurian		56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian											56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian											59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian											60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian											61.6
		Danian	Puercan											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian	Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan		Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean	90.5
						Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan	93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
						Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan	100.5
						Urutawan	103.3
					Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian				Korangan	113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian					Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian	254.14
							Laoshanian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
							Laibinian		Vyatkian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian		Severodvinian	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian					Wordian		Urzhumian	Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian					Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian					Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Luodianian	273.01
										Filipovian		276.5 *
										Saraninian		280.1 *
								Hessian		Saraninian		281.9 *
		Artinskian							Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
										Sarginian	Longlinian	285.4 *
										Irginian		285.9 *
							Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		Irginian		286.1 *
										Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian						Nealian	Asselian	Shikhanian	Zisongian	293.52
										Uskalykian		294.8
										Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian											300.1
		Kasimovian											303.7
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian									307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian									Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian									Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian									Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien									Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian										Emsian	393.3
		Pragian										Siegen	407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien									Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine									Gedinnine	410.8
														419.2