PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of China	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of North America		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Nihewanian					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean							0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian							0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian							0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan							1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Yushean					2.58
		Zanclean								3.6
			Hemphillian							4.7
					Baodean					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
			Clarendonian							9.4
					Tunggurian					11.1
		Serravallian								11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian			Shanwangian					13.82
		Burdigalian								15.98
			Hemingfordian							16.3
			Hemingfordian		Xiejiaan					16.9
			Arikareean							18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
		Rupelian								27.82
			Whitneyan							29.5
			Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean							37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian							47.8
			Wasatchian							50.5
			Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian							56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian							56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian	Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian			251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian			273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian			283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian			285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian			290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian			Virgilian	298.9
		Gzhelian					Virgilian	300.1
		Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian			Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian		323.2
		Visean			Chesterian		330.9
					Meramecian		335.8 *
					Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan					485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian					Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran					Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran						514
			Montezuman						514.8 *
			Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
										538.8