PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of China	Ordovician of the Baltic				Mesozoic Subages		Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean											0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Nihewanian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean											0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean											0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian											0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian											0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan											1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †	Yushean	2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
			Hemphillian											4.7
													Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
			Clarendonian											9.4
													Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian												11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian											12.5
		Langhian											Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
			Hemingfordian											16.3
			Hemingfordian										Xiejiaan	16.9
			Arikareean											18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
			Whitneyan											29.5
			Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian											33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean											37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean											37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan											41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian											46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian											47.8
			Wasatchian											50.5
			Clarkforkian											54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian											56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian											56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian											59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian											60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian											61.6
		Danian	Puercan											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian					100.5
									Middle Albian					106.2 *
									Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian					113
		Aptian							Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian					139.8
									Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
									Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	146.3 *					Middle Tithonian
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian		227
		Carnian		Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian			251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian			Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian			Zechstein	Longtanian †	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan			Rotliegendes		259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian					264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian					273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian			Autunian		283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian					285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian					290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian					298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare						419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma						421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare						423
		Ludfordian	Paadla						423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula						427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu						429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu						430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani						431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani						433.4
		Telychian	Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju		Porkuni					443.8
		Katian			Pirgu					445.2
					Vormsi					449.6 *
					Nabala					Johvi †	450 *
			Viru		Rakvere						450.6 *
					Oandu						452 *
		Sandbian			Keila					Idavere †	453
					Haljala						453.9
					Kukruse						456.4 *
					Uhaku					Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Uhaku						458.4
					Lasnamagi						458.9 *
					Aseri						460.4 *
			Oeland		Kunda						462.9 *
					Kunda					Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
					Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian			Volkhov							467.3
		Dapingian			Billingen							469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
					Hunneberg							473.7 *
		Tremadocian			Hunneberg							477.7
					Varangu	481.3 *
					Pakerort	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Pakerort					485.4
										486.3 *
								486.5
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †		497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †		504.5
														509