PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of Western Europe	Permian Subages of Germany	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Pamirs	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean											0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean											0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Nihewanian			0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean											0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean											0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian											0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian											0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan											1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Yushean	Tertiary †		2.58
				Zanclean												3.6
					Hemphillian											4.7
													Baodean			4.9
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
					Clarendonian											9.4
													Tunggurian			11.1
				Serravallian												11.63
				Serravallian	Barstovian											12.5
				Langhian									Shanwangian			13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
					Hemingfordian											16.3
					Hemingfordian								Xiejiaan			16.9
					Arikareean											18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
				Rupelian												27.82
					Whitneyan											29.5
					Orellan											31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian											33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean											37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean											37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan											39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan											41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian											46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian											47.8
					Wasatchian											50.5
					Clarkforkian											54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian											56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian											56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian											59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian											60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian											61.6
				Danian	Puercan											63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan							145
				Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan							149.2
								Kawhia	Ohauan							150
									Heterian							154.5
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
Temaikan				Callovian		164.3
				Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian		168.2
				Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
Herangi				Toarcian		Ururoan	176
				Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
				Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
				Sinemurian			192.9
				Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour		Otapirian	201.4
			Norian			Warepan	208.5
						Otamitan	217
						Oretian	221
			Carnian			Oretian	227
			Carnian	Gore		Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian			Etalian	238
			Anisian			Etalian	242
			Anisian			Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian			Nelsonian	249
			Induan			Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan	DUrville		Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan	Buntsandstein	Dorashamian	251.902
			Changhsingian			Waiitian		Dorashamian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian			Waiitian		Zechstein	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan		Zechstein	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes		Ohre/Aller	Aparima	Flettian	Midian		259.51
			Wordian			Leine		Flettian			264.28
								Barettian			266
									Murgabian		266.2 *
			Roadian						Murgabian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						Kubergandian		273.01
								Mangapirian	Kubergandian		276
									Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian	Autunian							283.5
								Telfordian			285
								Telfordian	Yakhtashian		286
									Yakhtashian		288.5
			Sakmarian						Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian						Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
			Kasimovian								303.7
			Moscovian								307
			Bashkirian								315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
			Visean		330.9
			Tournaisian		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare						419.2
		Pridoli			Kaugetuma						421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare						423
			Ludfordian		Paadla						423.4 *
			Gorstian		Paadla						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula						427.4
			Homerian		Jaagarahu						429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu						430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani						431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani						433.4
			Telychian		Adavere						434 *
			Aeronian		Adavere						438.5
			Aeronian		Raikkula						439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula						440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru						441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
			Katian								445.2
			Sandbian								453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian								470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
			Jiangshanian								489.5
			Paibian								494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †	497
			Drumian									500.5
			Wuliuan							Stage 5 †		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4									509
		Series 2	Stage 3									514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635