PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian Subages of Germany	Silurian Ages of Europe	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Australia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of Britain		Cambrian of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene		Lujanian					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean			Late Pleistocene							0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean			Middle Pleistocene							0.129
			Irvingtonian										0.21
								Ensenadan					0.3 *
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene							0.774
			Blancan										1.4
								Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene		Vorohuean					2.58
		Piacenzian				Late Pliocene		Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene		Chapadmalalan					3.6
								Montehermosan					3.7 *
			Hemphillian					Montehermosan					4.7
								Huayquerian					4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
								Chasicoan					7.9 *
			Clarendonian					Chasicoan					9.4
								Mayoan					9.9 *
								Laventan					10.9 *
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene							11.63
			Barstovian										12.5
								Colloncuran					13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran					13.82
		Langhian						Friasian					15.4 *
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene		Friasian					15.98
								Santacrucian					16.2 *
			Hemingfordian					Santacrucian					16.3
			Hemingfordian					Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
			Arikareean										18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian						Deseadan					20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene							23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene							27.82
								Tinguirirican					28.9 *
			Whitneyan										29.5
			Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian			Late Eocene							33.9
			Chadronian					Divisaderan					35.9 *
			Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean			Middle Eocene							37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
								Mustersan					41.9 *
			Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene							47.8
								Casamayoran					47.9 *
			Wasatchian										50.5
			Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian			Late Paleocene		Riochican					56
			Tiffanian					Riochican					56.2
								Itaboraian					56.9 *
								Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian			Middle Paleocene							60.9
		Danian				Early Paleocene							61.6
								Tiupampan					62.4 *
			Puercan					Tiupampan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian		72.1
		Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		100.5
		Aptian		113
		Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan		150
					Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian			Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian			Warepan		208.5
					Otamitan		217
					Oretian		221
		Carnian			Oretian		227
		Carnian		Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian			Etalian		238
		Anisian			Etalian		242
		Anisian			Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian		249
		Induan			Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan		Buntsandstein		251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan				254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Ohre/Aller	Aparima		Flettian		259.51
		Wordian		Leine			Flettian		264.28
		Wordian		Leine			Barettian		266
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian					Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian					Mangapirian		283.5
							Telfordian		285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian			427.4
		Homerian	Whitwellian			429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Datsonian		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
						Payntonian			Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			486.8 *
						Payntonian			Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian				Iverian			Festiniogian	Jiangshanian		489.5
		Jiangshanian				Iverian			Maentwrogian	Jiangshanian		493.1 *
		Paibian				Idamean				Paibian		494
		Paibian				Idamean				Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Mindyallan		St Davids		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian				Boomerangian				Guzhangian		499
		Drumian				Undillan				Drumian		500.5
		Drumian				Floran				Drumian		503
		Wuliuan				Templetonian				Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Wuliuan				Ordian				Wuliuan/Taijangian		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4				Ordian		Caerfai		Duyunian		509
		Stage 4								Duyunian		510.8 *
		Stage 3								Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian								Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian								Jinnigian		530.7
													538.8