PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Silurian of the Baltic	Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of North America		Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of England		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean						Cenozoic 6						0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean												0.0004
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean												0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean												0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian												0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian												0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan												1.4
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
				Zanclean													3.6
				Zanclean	Hemphillian												4.7
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
				Tortonian	Clarendonian												9.4
				Serravallian	Clarendonian						Cenozoic 5						11.63
				Serravallian	Barstovian												12.5
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian													15.98
					Hemingfordian												16.3
					Arikareean												18.5
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Cenozoic 4						23.03
				Rupelian													27.82
					Whitneyan												29.5
					Orellan												31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian						Cenozoic 3						33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean												37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean												37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan												39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan						Cenozoic 2						41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian												46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian												47.8
					Wasatchian												50.5
					Clarkforkian												54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian						Cenozoic 1						56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian												56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian												59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian												60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian												61.6
				Danian	Puercan												63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Cretaceous 8						66
				Campanian							Cretaceous 7						72.1
				Santonian							Cretaceous 6						83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian							Cretaceous 5						93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							Cretaceous 4						100.5
				Aptian							Cretaceous 3						113
				Barremian							Cretaceous 2						121.4
				Hauterivian							Cretaceous 2						125.77
				Valanginian							Cretaceous 1						132.6
				Berriasian							Cretaceous 1						139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Jurassic 6						145
				Kimmeridgian							Jurassic 5						149.2
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian							Jurassic 4						165.3
				Bajocian							Jurassic 4						168.2
				Aalenian							Jurassic 3						170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Jurassic 3						174.7
				Pliensbachian							Jurassic 2						184.2
Sinemurian				Jurassic 1		192.9
Hettangian				Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4		208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3		227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2		242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian		Triassic 1	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			259.51
			Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			264.28
			Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2	273.01
			Artinskian				283.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian			Permian 1	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5	298.9
			Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5	303.7
			Moscovian			Carboniferous 4	307
			Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean			Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian			Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian			Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
						Ohesaare			Bringewood/Elton	421.3
						Kaugetuma			Bringewood/Elton	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Ludfordian			Paadla			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423.4 *
			Gorstian							425.6
			Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula			Buildwas	427.4
						Rootsikula		Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
						Jaagarahu				429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu				430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	Silurian 1	433.4
					Adavere		434 *
									436.3 *
			Aeronian						438.5
								Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
					Raikkula				439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula				440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru				441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5			Kosovian	443.8
			Katian						Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian						Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian			Ordovician 4					453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3							458.4
									Dobrotivian				458.5 *
									Oretanian				459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian			Ordovician 2				Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian						Arenigian				468
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Arenigian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ordovician 1			Tremadocian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			Cambrian 5					485.4
			Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian											Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian			Albertian †					Cambrian 4	497
			Drumian			Marjumian								Cambrian 4	500.5
Wuliuan			Topazan			Cambrian 3								504.5
Wuliuan			Delamaran											506.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Delamaran						Waucoban †					509
		Stage 4	Dyeran											511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran			Cambrian 2								514
			Montezuman	514.8 *
			Begadean	519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2		521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian		Cambrian 1		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian										538.8
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian														720
		Tonian				Karatau										800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian				Karatau										1000
		Stenian				Yurmatian										1100
		Ectasian				Yurmatian										1200
		Ectasian				Burzyan										1375
																	1400