PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Silurian of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean									0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian									0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian									0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian									9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian									11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
			Hemingfordian									16.3
			Arikareean									18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
			Whitneyan									29.5
			Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian									33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian									47.8
			Wasatchian									50.5
			Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian									56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian									56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian									59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian									60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian									61.6
		Danian	Puercan									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian							100.5
					Middle Albian							106.2 *
					Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian							113
		Aptian			Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian							139.8
					Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
					Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian		227
		Carnian		Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian	251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
									Xiaodushanian	300 *
							Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
			Stephanian A							301.4 *
		Kasimovian	Stephanian A							303.7
			Cantabrian							305 *
									Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian		307
			Westphalian				Westphalian D			307.4 *
							Westphalian C			309.8
							Westphalian B			314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
							Westphalian A			317 *
							Westphalian A		Huashibanian	318.5 *
			Namurian				Yeadonian			318.8 *
							Marsdenian			320.2 *
							Marsdenian		Lousuan	321.2 *
							Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
							Alportian			322 *
							Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	Dewunian	Late Mississippian	323.2
							Arnsbergian			324 *
							Pendleian			327.4 *
							Pendleian	Shangsian		330.8 *
		Visean	Middle Mississippian				Warnantian	Shangsian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Warnantian	Jiusian	Brigantian †	335 *
					Livian		Asbian †		336.3 *
					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan		Early Mississippian		Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan		Early Mississippian		Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian							Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Jaani	433.4
		Telychian							Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian							Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian							Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian							Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru	441.4 *
												443.8