PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of the Pamirs	Cambrian of North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of China			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean												0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean												0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean												0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean												0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian												0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian												0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan												1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian												4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian												9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian												11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian												12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
			Hemingfordian												16.3
			Arikareean												18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
		Rupelian					Kekeamuan								27.82
			Whitneyan												29.5
			Orellan												31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan												41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian												46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian					Bumbanian							47.8
			Wasatchian												50.5
			Clarkforkian												54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian				Gashatan								56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian				Gashatan								56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian												59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian												60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian												61.6
		Danian	Puercan												63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian											Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
													Kawhia	Ohauan	150
														Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Callovian												Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian			Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian			Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
		Carnian			Oretian	227
		Carnian		Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian			Etalian	238
		Anisian			Etalian	242
		Anisian			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan			Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan	Dorashamian			Buntsandstein	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian	Dorashamian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	Dzhulfian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan	Dzhulfian				254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian	Aparima	Flettian			Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian				Flettian			Leine	264.28
						Barettian				266
				Murgabian						266.2 *
		Roadian		Murgabian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian						273.01
				Kubergandian		Mangapirian				276
				Bolorian						279.8
		Artinskian								283.5
						Telfordian				285
				Yakhtashian		Telfordian				286
				Yakhtashian						288.5
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian				Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †		443.8
		Katian	Chientangkiangian					Wufeng †		445.2
		Katian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							449.5
		Sandbian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian				Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian				Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian							470
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian							Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian					Lianghekou †		Ungurian	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan								Batyrbaian	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
											Aksaian		490.7 *
											Sakian		492.2 *
												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian								Albertian †	Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian											499.5
		Drumian										Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian										Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan	Topazan									Tuesaian	504.5
			Topazan										505.3
			Delamaran										506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Waucoban †		509
												Toyonian	510 *
			Dyeran									Toyonian	511 *
												Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3											514
			Montezuman										514.8 *
			Montezuman									Atdabanian	515.6 *
			Begadean									Atdabanian	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian			521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian										529
															538.8