PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128338 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of the Russian Platform		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of North America			Permian of the Pamirs	Cambrian of Siberia			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean																0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean																0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean							Late Pleistocene									0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean							Middle Pleistocene									0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian							Middle Pleistocene									0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian							Early Pleistocene									0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan																1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene									2.58
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene									3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian							Early Pliocene									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian																9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian							Middle Miocene									11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian																12.5
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene									15.98
			Hemingfordian																16.3
			Arikareean																18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene									23.03
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene									27.82
			Whitneyan																29.5
			Orellan																31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian							Late Eocene									33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean							Late Eocene									37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean							Middle Eocene									37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan																39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan																41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian																46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian							Early Eocene									47.8
			Wasatchian																50.5
			Clarkforkian																54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian							Late Paleocene									56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian							Late Paleocene									56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian							Middle Paleocene									59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian							Middle Paleocene									60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian							Early Paleocene									61.6
		Danian	Puercan							Early Paleocene									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites													168.2
		Bajocian					Humphresianum												168.4
		Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense												174.7
					180.1	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum	182
		Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni	184.2
		Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi	192.9
		Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Dorashamian	251.902
		Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Dzhulfian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Dzhulfian	Tatarian	Vyatkian		256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Midian		259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Midian		264.28
		Wordian				Urzhumian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian				Kazanian	Povolzhian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian	Sokian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		Kubergandian		273.01
							Filipovian		Kubergandian		276.5 *
							Filipovian		Bolorian		279.8
							Saraninian				280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian				283.5
							Irginian				285.9 *
							Irginian		Yakhtashian		286
							Burtsevian		Yakhtashian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		Sakmarian		290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian		Sakmarian		291.7 *
		Asselian				Asselian	Shikhanian		Asselian		293.52
							Uskalykian				294.8
							Surenian				297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
		Visean									330.9
		Tournaisian									346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Chotec							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian							393.3
		Pragian	Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian	Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli									Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
										Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
													440.7 *
		Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian											Kosovian	443.8
		Katian											Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian											Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian													453
															Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
				Liben †											458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian													458.4
													Dobrotivian		458.5 *
													Oretanian		459.7 *
				Sarka †												461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †	467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian								468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian								470
		Tremadocian		Tremadocian									477.7
		Tremadocian		Tremadocian									Mansian †			483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian									Tavgian †			Ketyan †/Yurakian		485.4
		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian														489.5
				Aksaian														490.7 *
				Sakian														492.2 *
		Paibian																494
		Paibian														Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian														497
		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian														499.5
		Drumian		Mayan/Menevian														500.5
		Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan														504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Amgan/Solvan				509
				Toyonian				Lenian †					510 *
				Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian									514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian									515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian									521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian		Nemakit-Daldynian				Manykaian †					529
																			538.8