PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of West Avalonia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian Epochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean								0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean								0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian			0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean								0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean								0.129
					Irvingtonian								0.21
										Ensenadan			0.3 *
				Calabrian									0.774
					Blancan								1.4
										Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
				Gelasian						Sanandresian			1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean			2.58
				Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
				Zanclean						Chapadmalalan			3.6
										Montehermosan			3.7 *
					Hemphillian					Montehermosan			4.7
										Huayquerian			4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian									5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
										Chasicoan			7.9 *
					Clarendonian					Chasicoan			9.4
										Mayoan			9.9 *
										Laventan			10.9 *
				Serravallian									11.63
					Barstovian								12.5
										Colloncuran			13.7 *
				Langhian						Colloncuran			13.82
				Langhian						Friasian			15.4 *
				Burdigalian						Friasian			15.98
										Santacrucian			16.2 *
					Hemingfordian					Santacrucian			16.3
					Hemingfordian					Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
					Arikareean								18.5
				Aquitanian									20.44
				Aquitanian						Deseadan			20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
				Rupelian									27.82
										Tinguirirican			28.9 *
					Whitneyan								29.5
					Orellan								31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian								33.9
					Chadronian					Divisaderan			35.9 *
					Duchesnean								37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean								37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan								39.7
				Lutetian									41.2
										Mustersan			41.9 *
					Bridgerian								46.2
				Ypresian									47.8
										Casamayoran			47.9 *
					Wasatchian								50.5
					Clarkforkian								54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian					Riochican			56
					Tiffanian					Riochican			56.2
										Itaboraian			56.9 *
										Peligran			58.9 *
				Selandian									59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian								60.9
				Danian									61.6
										Tiupampan			62.4 *
					Puercan					Tiupampan			63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
Campanian				72.1
Santonian				83.6
Coniacian				86.3
Turonian				89.8
Cenomanian				93.9
Early Cretaceous			Albian	100.5
			Aptian	113
			Barremian	121.4
			Hauterivian	125.77
			Valanginian	132.6
			Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
			Kimmeridgian	149.2
			Oxfordian	154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
			Bathonian	165.3
			Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras		168.2
			Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		168.4
			Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		174.7
				Planulata		179.3 *
				Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense			181.3 *
				Carlottense			182.3 *
				Kunae			183.5 *
			Pliensbachian	Kunae			184.2
				Freboldi			185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras			Canadensis	190.3 *
			Sinemurian					192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
			Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian					208.5
			Carnian					227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian					Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian					Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian					Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian					Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chesterian	323.2
			Visean					Chesterian	330.9
								Meramecian	335.8 *
								Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian					Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian					Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
			Pragian					Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Late Cambrian	485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Middle Cambrian	497
			Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian								500.5
			Wuliuan								504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						Branchian	Early Cambrian	509
			Stage 3						Branchian		514
			Stage 3						Placentian		517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian				635
		Tonian				720
		Tonian		Karatau		800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian		Karatau		1000
		Stenian		Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian		Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan		1375
													1400