PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Carboniferous Subepochs	Silurian of the Baltic	Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian						0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							2.58
		Zanclean							3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							5.333
		Tortonian							7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian							13.82
		Burdigalian							15.98
			Hemingfordian						16.3
			Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							23.03
		Rupelian							27.82
			Whitneyan						29.5
			Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian						47.8
			Wasatchian						50.5
			Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian						56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian						56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian	Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites					168.2
		Bajocian			Humphresianum				168.4
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense				174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	Chesterian	330.9
							Meramecian	335.8 *
							Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare					423
		Ludfordian	Paadla					423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula					427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu					429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu					430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani					431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani					433.4
		Telychian	Adavere					434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere					438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula					439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula					440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru					441.4 *
									443.8