PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean											0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean											0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean											0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean											0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian											0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian											0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan											1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
				Zanclean												3.6
				Zanclean	Hemphillian											4.7
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Tortonian	Clarendonian											9.4
				Serravallian	Clarendonian											11.63
				Serravallian	Barstovian											12.5
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
					Hemingfordian											16.3
					Arikareean											18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
				Rupelian										Kekeamuan		27.82
					Whitneyan											29.5
					Orellan											31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan											39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan											41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian											46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian										Bumbanian	47.8
					Wasatchian											50.5
					Clarkforkian											54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian									Gashatan		56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian									Gashatan		56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian											59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian											60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian											61.6
				Danian	Puercan											63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Lancian/Edmontonian								66
				Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites										168.2
				Bajocian			Humphresianum									168.4
				Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense									174.7
						Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	180.1
						Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum	182
				Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni	184.2
				Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi	192.9
				Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis	199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
				Norian			208.5
				Carnian			227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
				Wordian			264.28
				Roadian			266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
				Artinskian			283.5
				Sakmarian			290.1
				Asselian			Bursumian †		293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian		298.9
				Kasimovian			Missourian		303.7
				Kasimovian			Desmoinesian		305.9 *
				Moscovian			Desmoinesian		307
				Moscovian			Atokan		312.7 *
				Bashkirian			Atokan		315.2
				Bashkirian			Morrowan		318.4 *
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian		323.2
				Visean			Chesterian		330.9
							Meramecian		335.8 *
							Osagean		343.1 *
				Tournaisian			Osagean		346.7
				Tournaisian			Kinderhookian		351.9 *
		Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
			Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
			Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
			Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
			Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
				Pragian					Siegen	407.6
				Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
		Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare		419.2
			Pridoli						Kaugetuma		421.7 *
			Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare				423
				Ludfordian	Paadla				423.4 *
				Gorstian	Paadla			425.6
			Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula			427.4
				Homerian	Jaagarahu			429.2 *
				Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu			430.5
				Sheinwoodian	Jaani			431.8 *
			Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani			433.4
				Telychian	Adavere			434 *
				Aeronian	Adavere			438.5
				Aeronian	Raikkula			439.4 *
				Rhuddanian	Raikkula			440.8
				Rhuddanian	Juuru			441.4 *
		Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju	Porkuni		443.8
				Katian					Pirgu		445.2
									Vormsi		449.6 *
									Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
									Oandu			452 *
				Sandbian					Keila		Idavere †	453
									Haljala			453.9
Kukruse									456.4 *
Uhaku									Aluoja †		457.5 *
Uhaku			Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
Lasnamagi											458.9 *
Aseri											460.4 *
Oeland						Kunda		462.9 *
						Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
				Dapingian		Volkhov					467.3
				Dapingian		Billingen					469.3 *
			Early Ordovician	Floian							470
								Latorp †			470.1 *
	Hunneberg					473.7 *
	Hunneberg			Tremadocian		477.7
	Varangu					481.3 *
	Pakerort					482.2 *
	Pakerort	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
											Sunwaptan	487.5
				Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
				Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
				Paibian							Steptoean	494
			Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian			Albertian †	497
				Drumian				Marjumian				500.5
				Wuliuan				Topazan				504.5
				Wuliuan				Delamaran				506.5
			Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran			Waucoban †	509
				Stage 4				Dyeran				511 *
				Stage 3				Dyeran				514
								Montezuman				514.8 *
								Begadean				519.9 *
			Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
			Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
		Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
		Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635