PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Silurian of England		Permian of the Pamirs	Ordovician of Australia	Permian of the Salt Range	European Faunal Units	Devonian of Eastern North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean										0
				Meghalayan	Santarosean										0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
				Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean										0.014
				Chibanian	Rancholabrean										0.129
				Chibanian	Irvingtonian										0.21
				Calabrian	Irvingtonian										0.774
				Calabrian	Blancan										1.4
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Villanyian			2.58
				Piacenzian								Ruscinian			3.1 *
				Zanclean											3.6
				Zanclean	Hemphillian										4.7
			Miocene	Messinian								Turolian			5.333
				Tortonian								Turolian			7.246
												Vallesian			8.7
					Clarendonian							Vallesian			9.4
				Serravallian	Clarendonian							Astaracian			11.63
				Serravallian	Barstovian										12.5
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian								Orleanian			15.98
					Hemingfordian										16.3
					Arikareean										18.5
												Agenian			20
				Aquitanian								Agenian			20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
				Rupelian											27.82
					Whitneyan										29.5
					Orellan										31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian										33.9
				Priabonian	Duchesnean										37
				Bartonian	Duchesnean										37.71
				Bartonian	Uintan										39.7
				Lutetian	Uintan										41.2
				Lutetian	Bridgerian										46.2
				Ypresian	Bridgerian										47.8
					Wasatchian										50.5
					Clarkforkian										54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian										56
				Thanetian	Tiffanian										56.2
				Selandian	Tiffanian										59.2
				Selandian	Torrejonian										60.9
				Danian	Torrejonian										61.6
				Danian	Puercan										63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian									66
				Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan									72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
Aalenian				170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
			Induan	251.2
			Induan	Kathwai			251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai			Dorashamian	251.902
								252.4 *
				Chhidru				252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian	Chhidru			Dzhulfian	254.14
				Kalabagh				255 *
				Wargal				256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Midian	259.51
			Wordian					264.28
								265.3 *
				Amb				266.1 *
							Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian					266.9
			Roadian					270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kubergandian	273.01
			Kungurian				Bolorian	279.8
			Artinskian				Bolorian	283.5
			Artinskian				Yakhtashian	286
			Sakmarian				Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian				Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian					Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean					Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian								407.6
			Lochkovian								410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
		Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Bringewood/Elton		421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood				423
			Gorstian							425.6
			Gorstian			Buildwas				426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas				427.4
			Homerian		Wych	Woolhope				428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Telychian							436.3 *
			Aeronian							438.5
			Aeronian		Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
			Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Bolindian		443.8
			Katian							Bolindian		445.2
										Eastonian		449 *
										Gisbornian		452 *
			Sandbian							Gisbornian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Darriwilian		458.4
			Dapingian							Yapeenian		467.3
			Dapingian							Castlemainian		468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian		470
										Bendigonian		471.8 *
										Lancefieldian		473.5 *
			Tremadocian							Lancefieldian		477.7
			Tremadocian							Warendian		482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
			Jiangshanian									489.5
			Paibian									494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
			Drumian									500.5
Wuliuan			504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	509
Series 2		Stage 3	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan									1375
															1400