PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of Australia	Permian of the Salt Range	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Silurian Ages of Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean	Cenozoic 6											0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean												0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean												0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean												0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian												0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian												0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan												1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian												4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian												9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian	Cenozoic 5											11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian												12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
			Hemingfordian												16.3
			Arikareean												18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Cenozoic 4											23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
			Whitneyan												29.5
			Orellan												31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian	Cenozoic 3											33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean												37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean												37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan	Cenozoic 2											41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian												46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian												47.8
			Wasatchian												50.5
			Clarkforkian												54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian	Cenozoic 1											56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian												56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian												59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian												60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian												61.6
		Danian	Puercan												63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian		Cretaceous 7			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian		Cretaceous 6			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Cretaceous 4			Late Albian								100.5
							Middle Albian								106.2 *
							Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3			Late Aptian								113
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3			Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian		Cretaceous 2			Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian		Cretaceous 1			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian								139.8
							Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
							Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian		Jurassic 6			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5			Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		174.7
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian			Sevatian		208.5
					Alaunian		213.2 *
					Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian		Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian		Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian			Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
					Griesbachian		251.4 *
					Griesbachian		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4			Kathwai	251.902
								252.4 *
							Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Chhidru	254.14
							Kalabagh	255 *
							Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
								265.3 *
							Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian		Permian 3			Amb	266.9
		Roadian		Permian 3				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Mapingian †				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Mapingian †					303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian							Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						Ashgill	Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan		445.2
										Cautleyan		448.9 *
										Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
										Pusgillian		449.3 *
									Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan			451.5 *
										Cheneyan	Gisbornian		452 *
										Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4										453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
										Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
										Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Darriwilian		458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Darriwilian		461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Yapeenian		467.3
									Arenig	Fennian		Yapeenian		468.4 *
												Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										Chewtonian		470
										Whitlandian		Chewtonian		471.1 *
												Bendigonian		471.8 *
												Lancefieldian		473.5 *
					Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadoc				Migneintian	477.7
									Cressagian	480.8 *
									Cressagian	Warendian		482.8 *
										Warendian		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							Datsonian				485.4
		Stage 10								Payntonian				486.8 *
		Jiangshanian								Iverian				489.5
		Paibian								Idamean				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							Mindyallan				497
		Guzhangian								Boomerangian				499
		Drumian					Undillan			500.5
		Drumian					Floran			503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				Templetonian			504.5
		Wuliuan					Ordian			507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4					Ordian			509
		Stage 4								510.8 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
															538.8