PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of Australia	Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America	Devonian of Germany
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean	Cenozoic 6								0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean									0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian									0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian									0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian									9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian	Cenozoic 5								11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
			Hemingfordian									16.3
			Arikareean									18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Cenozoic 4								23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
			Whitneyan									29.5
			Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian	Cenozoic 3								33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan	Cenozoic 2								41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian									47.8
			Wasatchian									50.5
			Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian	Cenozoic 1								56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian									56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian									59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian									60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian									61.6
		Danian	Puercan									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8								66
		Campanian		Cretaceous 7								72.1
		Santonian		Cretaceous 6								83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Cretaceous 4								100.5
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3								113
		Barremian		Cretaceous 2								121.4
		Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2								125.77
		Valanginian		Cretaceous 1								132.6
		Berriasian		Cretaceous 1								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6								145
		Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5								149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian		Jurassic 4								165.3
		Bajocian		Jurassic 4								168.2
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Jurassic 3								174.7
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2								184.2
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian		Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian		Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian		Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian			Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1		Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5		Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4		Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian				Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3		Chesterian	323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2		Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1		Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian						Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5				Bolindian	443.8
		Katian						Bolindian	445.2
								Eastonian	449 *
								Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4				Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3				Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian		Ordovician 2				Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian						Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Chewtonian	470
								Bendigonian	471.8 *
								Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1				Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1				Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4					Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3					Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan							Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4							Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3		Cambrian 2					Dyeran		514
									Montezuman		514.8 *
									Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1							529
												538.8