PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of North America		Cambrian Epochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean	Cenozoic 6				0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian						0.0042
		Greenlandian						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean					0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian					0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian					0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan					1.4
		Gelasian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						2.58
		Zanclean						3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						5.333
		Tortonian						7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian	Cenozoic 5				11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian						13.82
		Burdigalian						15.98
			Hemingfordian					16.3
			Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Cenozoic 4				23.03
		Rupelian						27.82
			Whitneyan					29.5
			Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian	Cenozoic 3				33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean					37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan	Cenozoic 2				41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian					47.8
			Wasatchian					50.5
			Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian	Cenozoic 1				56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian					56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian					59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian					61.6
		Danian	Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8				66
		Campanian		Cretaceous 7				72.1
		Santonian		Cretaceous 6				83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Cretaceous 4				100.5
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3				113
		Barremian		Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian		Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian		Cretaceous 1				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6				145
		Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5				149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian		Jurassic 4				165.3
		Bajocian		Jurassic 4				168.2
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Jurassic 3				174.7
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2				184.2
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian		Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian		Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian			Wordian	264.28
		Roadian		Permian 3	Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2	Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian				Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian				Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian				Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1		Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian	445.2	Ordovician 5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Late Cambrian			485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Middle Cambrian			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4				500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
								538.8