PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128360 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian		Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian						Lujanian		Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Chibanian						Ensenadan		Middle Pleistocene		0.3 *
		Calabrian						Ensenadan		Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Tertiary †			Vorohuean		Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan		Late Pliocene		2.9 *
		Zanclean						Chapadmalalan		Early Pliocene		3.6
								Montehermosan				3.7 *
								Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
								Chasicoan				7.9 *
								Mayoan				9.9 *
								Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian						Laventan		Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian						Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian						Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Friasian		Early Miocene		15.98
								Santacrucian				16.2 *
								Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian						Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian						Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan							Early Oligocene		27.82
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan					Tinguirirican		Early Oligocene		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Tinguirirican		Late Eocene		33.9
		Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Divisaderan		Late Eocene		35.9 *
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Lutetian						Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian		Bumbanian				Mustersan		Early Eocene		47.8
		Ypresian		Bumbanian				Casamayoran		Early Eocene		47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan					Riochican		Late Paleocene		56
								Itaboraian				56.9 *
								Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian								Early Paleocene		61.6
		Danian						Tiupampan		Early Paleocene		62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel		298.9
							Stephanian		Stephanian C		300.3 *
									Stephanian B		300.9 *
									Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A		303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian		305 *
		Moscovian							Cantabrian		307
							Westphalian		Westphalian D		307.4 *
									Westphalian C		309.8
									Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B		315.2
									Westphalian A		317 *
							Namurian		Yeadonian		318.8 *
									Marsdenian		320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
									Alportian		322 *
									Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chokierian		323.2
				Arnsbergian					324 *
				Pendleian					327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian			Brigantian †		330.9
			Livian	Asbian †			336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian					Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †	Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4					Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran		514
							Montezuman		514.8 *
							Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
												538.8