PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of North America	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cretaceous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Tarantian				0.0117
		Chibanian											Ionian				0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Tertiary †												2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Serravallian															11.63
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian														33.9
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan														37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan														56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Senonian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Gallic	Late Albian		100.5
															Middle Albian		106.2 *
															Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian													Late Aptian		113
		Aptian													Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian													Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian												Neocomian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian													Late Berriasian		139.8
															Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
															Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian													Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian													Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian													Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian													Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian														Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian													Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian													Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian													Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian													Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													Late Toarcian		174.7
															Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
															Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian													Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian													Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian													Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian													Sevatian		208.5
															Alaunian		213.2 *
															Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian													Tuvalian		227
		Carnian													Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													Longobardian		237
		Ladinian													Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian													Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian	251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						Bursumian †	293.52
		Asselian						Bursumian †	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Virgilian	Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
				Stephanian					Stephanian C		300.3 *
			Stephanian B						300.9 *
			Stephanian A						301.4 *
		Kasimovian	Stephanian A		Missourian			303.7
			Cantabrian		Missourian			305 *
					Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian							307
			Westphalian	Westphalian D					307.4 *
				Westphalian C					309.8
				Westphalian C	Atokan				312.7 *
				Westphalian B					314.6
		Bashkirian		Westphalian B					315.2
				Westphalian A					317 *
				Westphalian A	Morrowan				318.4 *
			Namurian	Yeadonian					318.8 *
				Marsdenian					320.2 *
				Kinderscoutian					321.5 *
				Alportian					322 *
				Chokierian					323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian	Chesterian				323.2
				Arnsbergian					324 *
				Pendleian					327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †					330.9
			Warnantian	Brigantian †	Meramecian				335.8 *
			Livian	Asbian †					336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian					340.2 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	Osagean				343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian		Osagean				346.7
			Ivorian		Kinderhookian				351.9 *
			Hastarian		Kinderhookian				353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian							Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Jaani	433.4
		Telychian							Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian							Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian							Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian							Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Tremadocian				477.7
		Tremadocian				Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian	Tavgian †			Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian					489.5
						Aksaian					490.7 *
						Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian									494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian					497
		Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian					Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †	Amgan/Solvan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Amgan/Solvan				509
								Toyonian		Lenian †		510 *
								Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3						Botomian				514
		Stage 3						Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian				521
		Stage 2						Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian						Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †		529
																	538.8