PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Central Paratethys Stages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian				Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian			Sheridanian				Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Chibanian			Cudahyan/Sappan				Middle Pleistocene		0.21
		Calabrian			Cudahyan/Sappan				Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Calabrian			Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Early Pliocene		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian						Pannonian			7.246
		Tortonian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Pannonian			9.4
		Serravallian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Sarmatian	Middle Miocene		11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Sarmatian			12.5
								Badenian			12.8 *
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene		15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene		23.03
						Monroecreekian					23.1 *
						Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan			Geringian			Early Oligocene		27.82
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan						Early Oligocene		29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene		33.9
		Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene		37
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene		37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Early Eocene		47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Late Paleocene		56
		Thanetian	Gashatan				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene		56.2
		Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene		60.9
		Danian					To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene		61.6
		Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian	Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian			453
					Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
				Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
			Dobrotivian				458.5 *
			Oretanian				459.7 *
				Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian				477.7
											485.4