PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of China		Devonian of Germany	Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Nihewanian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean								0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian								0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian								0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan								1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †		Yushean	2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
					Hemphillian								4.7
												Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
					Clarendonian								9.4
												Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian											11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian										Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
					Hemingfordian								16.3
					Hemingfordian							Xiejiaan	16.9
					Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian									23.03
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan										27.82
					Whitneyan								29.5
					Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian	Bridgerian								47.8
					Wasatchian								50.5
					Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan		Clarkforkian								56
		Thanetian	Gashatan		Tiffanian								56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian								59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian								61.6
		Danian			Puercan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Rotliegendes		259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian				Autunian		283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian							Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula					427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu					429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	430.5	Jaagarahu
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian	Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †				485.4
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian		Paibian					494
		Paibian		Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †				Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		Drumian	Wangcunian †					500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian			Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian						509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Nangaoian						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian						521
		Fortunian		Meishucunian						529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian						530.7
													538.8